2 Political career

Zhou first came to national prominence during the May Fourth Movement of 1919 when he led a raid on a local government office during the student protests against the humiliating Versailles Treaty. In 1920 Zhou moved to France where he was active among radical Chinese students. In 1921 he became a member of the French Communist Party and spent the next two years traveling in Europe.

Upon his return to China, he served as the chairman of the political department at the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou when it was founded in 1926 (Whampoa's Comintern sponsors saw this posting as a way to balance Chiang Kai-shek's right-wing nationalism).

After the Northern Expedition began, he worked as a labour agitator. In 1926 he organized a general strike in Shanghai, opening the city to the Kuomintang. When the Kuomintang broke with the Communists Zhou was able to escape the white terror and eventually made his way to the Jiangxi base area and gradually began to shift his loyalty away from the more orthodox, urban-focused branch of the CPC to Mao's new brand of rural revolution, and became one of the prominent members of the CPC. This transition was completed early in the Long March, when in January 1935 Zhou threw his total support to Mao in his power struggle with the 28 Bolsheviks Faction .

In the Yenan years Zhou was active in promoting a united anti- Japanese front. As a result he played a major role in the Xian Incident, helped to secure Chiang Kai-shek's release, and negotiated the Second CPC-KMT United Front. Zhou spent the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) as CPC ambassador to Chiang's wartime government in Chongqing and took part in the failed negotiations following World War II.

In 1949, with the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Zhou became Premier and Foreign Minister. Asked about the impact of the French Revolution of 1789 he replied "It is too soon to say." In June 1953, he made the five declarations for peace. He headed the communist Chinese delegation to the Geneva Conference and to the Bandung Conference ( 1955). In 1958 he passed the post of Foreign Minister to Chen Yi but remained Premier. A popular and practical administrator, Zhou maintained his position through the Great Leap Forward ( 1958) and the Cultural Revolution ( 1966- 1976) and pushed for the " four modernizations" to undo the damage caused. Zhou was largely responsible for the re-establishment of contacts with the West in the early 1970s, he welcomed Richard Nixon to China in February 1972, and signed the Shanghai Communique. Discovering he had cancer he began to pass many of his responsibilities onto Deng Xiaoping. He was hospitalized in 1974 and died on January 8, 1976 merely months before Mao. In April 1976, the clamp-down on mourning for Zhou caused riots. This event is usually called the Tiananmen incident.

3 Further reading

• There is a new book published in 2003 in Hong Kong, Zhou En-lai's Later Years by Gao Wenqian which is of interest. No English translation may be available.

See also: History of the People's Republic of China

Preceded By: No one

Premier of the PRC

Succeeded By: Hua Guofeng

Zhou Enlai Zhou Enlai CPC leaders Cold War people

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