1.2 1860 to 1864: The Civil War

But those chapters were the last before the conflict brewing for nearly a century was unleashed finally. Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States in 1860, and South Carolina seceded from the Union, followed shortly thereafter by her fellow Southern states. Expansion of the fraternity halted as campuses rallied for war and sent companies of their collegemen to battle. Zeta Psi too contributed her men, and many did not return.

At the outbreak of war, the Upsilon chapter at UNC—itself only chartered three years before--found itself the only chapter of Zeta Psi among all the Southern states, sundered from the North by the sudden lines of enmity. But even as they mustered for war and marched south, the Grand Chapter of Zeta Psi, specially assembled in early July 1862, adopted the resolution of Brother William Cooke (Φ '58) prescribing unity:

RESOLVED, That while we may differ in political sentiment with those of our Brothers who are courageously battling for principles which they deem right, no disaster shall separate them from the union of Tau Kappa Phi.

And the brothers of Upsilon replied by letter in like fashion:

WHEREAS, The present distracted state of our country renders it inexpedient to hold our convention in this State during this year;

RESOLVED, That the Sigma Alpha be instructed to write to all Chapters, assuring them that though our Federal Union has been dissolved, still the Circle of Zeta Psi Fraternity shall never be broken;

RESOLVED, That the bonds of Tau Kappa Phi which bind us to our Brothers in the North are as strong as they ever were.

Nor was the brotherhood among Zetes limited to mere words; the moving tale of Brother Henry Schwerin (Θ '63) illustrates the embodiment of love even in the most trying of circumstance. Schwerin lay gravely wounded after the bloody Battle of Chattanooga; pinned on the breast of his Union uniform was the badge of Zeta Psi. A passing Confederate soldier, also a Zete, spied the badge and carried the invalid to medical care and safety, ignoring even the imperatives of war for the sake of his brother. The worthy badge later passed into the hands of his brother, Max Schwerin (Θ '70), who would one day serve as international president. After his death, it was donated by his sister to the fraternity's archives and remains among its treasures. Brother John Day Smith (Ε '72) witnessed the incident on the Chattanooga field, and later related it to Brother Francis Lawton (Ε '69), who would author the poem “The Badge of Zeta Psi,” later set to original music and preserved to this day. The reference to “Chattanooga's bloody field” is not idle hyperbole, but the recollection of a rare triumph among such sorrows.

And amid these sorrows and heroisms, when so many brothers of Zeta Psi perished, so too were even whole chapters swallowed by the War. The Eta ( Gettysburg, chartered 1861), Psi Epsilon (Darthmouth), Upsilon (UNC), Epsilon (Brown), and Theta (Union) chapters had vanished by the end of battle, decimated by fallen brothers or disheartened campuses returning from the shadow of death. The Theta and Eta chapters would never survive the staggering losses they suffered, though the others ultimately recovered and reactivated. And the Gamma chapter—chartered 1861 at the Georgia Military Institute , the only new chapter during the War—was annihilated utterly by General Sherman's march, and existed thus only for those few years of tumult. But out of the shadow of war came regrowth and a time for Zeta Psi to expand once more.

1.3 1864 to 1914: Breaking New Ground

The nation was still young indeed even after the end of the Civil War: California has only recently become a State, committing to the side of the victorious Union and contributing its men though the conflict took place mainly across the continent, thousands of miles away. It was then only fitting that to California the fraternities should next have moved. And as in many initiatives, Zeta Psi was first: in 1870 it established the Iota chapter at the University of California, Berkeley and became the first fraternity on the West Coast. (Though the Iota chapter would not be joined until 1892 by the next addition, the Mu chapter at Stanford University.)

Nor was Zeta Psi content even to remain a national fraternity, but also pressed northward into Canada. The brothers of the Xi chapter at the University of Michigan in 1879 constituted the Theta Xi chapter at the University of Toronto, making Zeta Psi the first international fraternity as well. Since then, Zeta Psi has actively bolstered its Canadian presence, commissioning a director solely for Canadian chapter development and amassing a long list of successful chapters there.

The end of the nineteenth century was fecund ground for Zeta Psi. It took root at no fewer than fourteen colleges in those latter days: Omega was founded at University of Chicago in 1864; Pi at Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1865; Lambda, Bowdoin College, 1867; Beta, University of Virginia, 1868; Psi, Cornell University, 1868; Iota, UC Berkeley, 1870; Gamma, first at the US Naval Academy in 1874, and then at Syracuse College in 1875 after the government proscribed fraternities at its military academies; Theta Xi, University of Toronto, 1879; Alpha, Columbia University, 1879; Alpha Psi, McGill University, 1883; Nu, Case Western Reserve, 1884; Eta, Yale, 1889; Mu, Stanford, 1892; Alpha Beta, University of Minnesota, 1899. (The establishment of the Eta chapter at Yale made Zeta Psi the first and only fraternity to establish chapters at all eight Ivy-League schools.)

Even as the physical reach of Zeta Psi made great bounds, so too did the principles underlying its brotherhood. By the turn of the century, the need for some more centralized structure pressed as chapter after chapter was added to the Circle and their correspondence became too much to handle so chaotically. In 1909, an international publication concerning the affairs of Zetes was first published by Brother William Comstock (Ξ '99) and distributed among the several chapters: The Circle of Zeta Psi. The periodical, which is still published to this day, contained in that first issue the exhortation which has come to be known as ”The Vision of Bill Comstock” for its prescience and wisdom:

We feel that the Fraternity, now that its individual chapters and memberships have grown so strong, is wasting its greatest possibility of strength and growth through the lack of a systematic central organization.

In short, Brother Comstock criticized the degree of individualism among the chapters of Zeta Psi, demanding unity among such disparate brothers. He prescribed that every member should receive the fledgling Circle of Zeta Psi, and thus be apprised of the far-flung doings of the fraternity; that a general secretary be commissioned to travel among the chapters and treat with them; and that a foundation be established for the pecuniary support of the general fraternity. And all three of his mandates have been amply fulfilled: The Circle is still published and distributed to the brothers of Zeta Psi (and can be read online here); now the General Secretary is assisted in his rounds by chapter consultants, whose function remains the same; and the Zeta Psi Educational Foundation was to be instituted within Brother Comstock's lifetime, though still in the future. Before Zeta Psi could turn to such collegiate concerns, war again threatened, this time abroad.

1.4 1914 to 1920: The First World War

Though already inured to the horrors and trial that War would wreak upon her from the bloody Civil War, war in Europe came suddenly in the 1910s and caught a nation and fraternity unawares. For some time, the United States did not commit troops to the battle, maintaining an isolationist stance protected. But Canada was a member in good standing of Britain's Commonwealth, and as war threatened England, the men of Canada were called upon to support their ally abroad.

With the first Canadian chapter only founded at Toronto in 1879, her sister chapters were still young when war came to them. Particularly stricken were the Alpha Psi and Theta Xi chapters at McGill and U Toronto. Even in 1914, they were already sending letters indicating their brothers heading east across the sea to the war. In 1915, more than half the workers at the McGill Base Hospital were Zetes from Alpha Psi. By war's end, the two beleaguered chapters had given over two hundred souls in defense of King and Country.

Perhaps most noted among the rolls of the brave Canadian brethren who went overseas is Lt. Col. Brother Dr. John McCrae (Θ Χ '94), a serviceman in the Canadian army, who like so many other men did not return at the close of conflict. But Brother McCrae bequeathed to his fraternity more than even his worthy life, but also a poem which has been preserved in great honor as both a historical and literary work: “ In Flanders Fields.” The words are a testament to the heroic spirit in man and are treasured still by the brethren of Zeta Psi as the hallowed words of a brother whose time long ago passed.

Finally in 1917, America entered the war, and with their country, so too did the many Zetes who called that land their home. At the annual convention of Zeta Psi, the brothers adopted a resolution in support of the war—which the United States Congress had itself only declared a few weeks previously—:

WHEREAS, The United States of America has been forced into the World War in defense of its national honor and for the protection of international justice and democracy;

BE IT RESOLVED, That the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America, at the Seventieth Annual Convention assembled at Raleigh, North Carolina, hereby pledges to the President and Congress of the United States of America its unqualified support of whatever war measures the Government may deem necessary and expedient, and places at the disposal of the Government its national organization, its Chapters, and its individual members, for service in whatever capacities the government may direct.

Nor was the pledge mere idle words nor fatuous boasting. Over one quarter of all brethren of Zeta Psi would serve during the First World War in foreign lands, and many did not return. Zeta Psi also provided the nation its first Assistant Secretary of War, Brother Benedict Crowell (Ν '92), noted for his bold reorganization of civilian military control during World War I. Even after the war, Crowell remained politically powerful, and was later instrumental in engineering the repeal of National Prohibition . When battle and country called, the men of Zeta Psi answered.

1.5 1920 to 1946: Troubled Peace and Another War

The post-war years were marred by the calamity of the Great Depression in the United States, and Zeta Psi suffered with her country. The ranks of brothers at campuses across the nation had been decimated by war, and chapters had struggled to survive. Yet they had persevered—not one chapter went inactive in those years. But expansion was slow, as the chapters rebuilt their strength after the toll. By 1930, the nation had fallen into deep economic trouble, and students struggled to attend college, let alone accede to a brotherhood demanding of time and energy. Not only was the collegiate population averse to expansion; but in the meager times, campuses were reticent to open their doors and resources to new fraternities. Only two new American chapters were chartered during this period, Phi Lambda at the University of Washington in 1920, and Sigma Zeta at UCLA in 1924. By 1930, no more chapters would be chartered until after the Pyrrhic economic boom occasioned by World War II that Zeta Psi would reach many of its present chapters.

Yet these decades were not without moments of profound joy among Zetes. Zeta Psi celebrated its diamond jubilee (the seventy-fifth anniverary of its foundation) in 1922, with fesitivites in its birthtown of New York. Auspiciously, it happened that both the Grand Army of the Republic (the famed organization of Union veterans; their modern web presence can be found here) and the United Confederate Veterans had elected brothers of Zeta Psi as their commanders-in-chief for that year. Thus at a dinner held for Zetes in New York that year, the two men--Brothers Lewis Stephen Pilcher , GAR, and Julian Shakespeare Carr (Υ '68), UCV—shook hands and broke bread as brothers, rather than the leaders of two organizations still as militantly opposed as forty years before. Brother Henry Thomas, the evening's toastmaster, remarked, “If the North and South had only placed the controversy in the hands of Zeta Psi, there would have been no war. At last the mistake has been realized, and now we see our two Brothers, each in command of his old army.” Julian Carr had served in the Third North Carolina Cavalry and witnessed the Confederacy's surrender at Appomattox, and though he never achieved high officership in the Confederate Army, he was granted the honorary title of Major General by the UCV and was commonly called the “General” by friends. He was major philanthropist of educational and industrial concerns, founder of the eponymous Carrtown near Chapel Hill, and a great benefactor of the South.

And while expansion in America had stalled, Zeta Psi's presence in Canada grew dramatically. The Pi Epsilon chapter was chartered at Univerity of Manitoba in 1921, Sigma at the University of British Columbia in 1926, Mu Theta at the University of Alberta in 1930, Alpha Mu at Dalhousie in 1938, and the Theta Phi chapter would be founded at the University of Western Ontario in 1947.

2 Regalia and Symbols

The official color of the fraternity is white, while black and gold are frequently used as secondary colors.

The fraternity flower is thus the white carnation.

The pennant (flag) of the fratenity depicts the greek letters zeta and psi, wrought in gold with a black outline, set on a white field.

The escutcheon is composed of a shield divided quarterly—the upper left tierced pallwise, the upper right quarterly per satire, the lower left simple quarterly, the lower right unpartitioned. At its center appears a perfect circle of gold, bordered by a shield in outline. It is surrounded by a wreath of oak leaves and acorns with the badge of zeta psi at their center, and surmounted by a radiant star, below which appear the greek letters tau, kappa, phi.

The public motto is Τ Κ Φ, whose significance is considered a part of the fraternities mysteries.

The badge of Zeta Psi consists of “a gold pin formed of the Greek letters zeta and psi and there shall be engraved upon it the letters O and A.” The arms of the psi are also engraved, with a Roman fasces upon the left and a star upon the right. The badge is set with seven stones (usually pearl or jet) along each of the bars of the zeta, for a total of twenty-one.

3 Famous Members

The following list is necessarily incomplete:

• Leslie S Aspin ; Former Secretary of Defense; Eta (Yale) 1960
  
• John Bardeen; Two-Time Nobel Laureate in Physics; Lambda Psi (U Wisconsin) 1928
  
• Erskine Bowles; White House Chief of Staff; Upsilon (UNC)
  
• John R Brodie ; Quarterback, San Francisco 49ers; Mu (Stanford) 1956
  
• Dean Cain; Actor; Omicron Epsilon (Princeton) 1988
  
• James J Carey ; Rear Admiral, USNR; Omega (Northwestern) 1960
  
• Gray Davis; Former Governor of California; Mu (Stanford) 1964
  
• Dr Howard Dean; Governor of Vermont; Eta (Yale) 1971
  
• Ken Dilger ; Tight End , Indianapolis Colts; Alpha Epsilon (U Illinois)
  
• Biron Dickson ; Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Canada; Pi Epsilon (Manitoba)
  
• Henry Ford II; Chairman and CEO, Ford Motor Company; Eta (Yale)
  
• Arthur Gajarsa ; Washington DC Court of Appeals; Pi (RPI)
  
• Harold “Red” Grange ; Halfback, Chicago Bears; Alpha Epsilon (Illinois) 1925
  
• Eric Molson ; Chairman, Molson Beer Companies ; Alpha Psi (McGill)
  
• Shaun O'Malley ; Chairman and CEO, Price Waterhouse ; Sigma (U Penn) 1959
  
• Dr Benjamin Spock; Author; Alpha (Columbia) 1929
  
• Sir John Templeton; Financier and Philanthropist; Eta (Yale) 1934
  
• Pete Wilson; Former Governor of California; Iota (UC Berkeley)

4 External links

• Zeta Psi's official site
• Zeta Psi's Canadian Development Office
• Zeta Psi members in politics
• National Inter-Fraternity Conference

Student_Fraternities

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