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Yellow fever (also called black vomit or sometimes The American Plague) is an acute viral disease. It is still an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in several African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. In the past it was a source of several devastating epidemics.
- 1940 - thousands of people die in Sudan
- 1960-62 - 15,000 - 30,000 die in Ethiopia
- 1965 - several thousand cases cause several hundred deaths in Senegal
- 1978 - 91 deaths in Bolivia, EcuadorThe Republic of Ecuador is a country of South America. Republica del Ecuador ( In Detail) National motto: Libertad y Orden ( Spanish; "The peace and wellbeing, the glory and triumph" Official language Spanish Capital Quito Largest City Guayaquil President, BrazilThis article is about Brazil, the country. For other article subjects named Brazil see Brazil (disambiguation). The Federative Republic of Brazil Republica Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America., ColombiaFor other uses see Columbia. The Republic of Colombia is a country in north-western South America. It is bound by earth, to the north and north west by the Caribbean Sea, to the east by Venezuela and Brazil, to the south by Ecuador and Peru, and to the we, PeruFor other uses, see Peru (disambiguation The Republic of Per ( Spanish: Per Quechua, Aymara: Piruw is a country in western South America, bordering with Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the east, south-east and south, Chil and VenezuelaThe Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela") is a country in northern South America. 1 It borders the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Guyana to the east, Brazil to
- 1978 - 63 deaths in The GambiaThe Republic of The Gambia is a nation of western Africa, entirely surrounded by Senegal, except for a short coastline which is the outlet of the Gambia River to the North Atlantic Ocean. A former British colony, it became independent in 1965. The capital
- 1978 - 40 deaths in GhanaThe Republic of Ghana is a nation of western Africa. It borders Cote d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo to the east, and borders the Gulf of Guinea to its south. Republic of Ghana ( In Detail) (Full size) National motto: Freedom and Jus
The disease is caused by an arbovirusAn Arbovirus (short for Arthropod borne virus is a virus that is primarily transmitted by arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitoes. The term Arbovirus is not part of the taxonomic classification of viruses, that is, viruses from different families and eve of the family Flaviviridae, and is one of the smallest RNA viruses isolated from man.
Mosquitos are the primary disease vector in transmission of the disease from forest monkeys to man and in man-to-man transmission. The mosquitos involved are Aedes simpsoni , Aedes africanus , and Aedes aegypti in Africa; and the Haemagogus and Sabethes genera.
The course of the disease varies from an inapparent infection to an intense feverish illness with high mortality rate. There is a difference between disease outbreaks in rural or forest areas and in towns. Disease outbreaks in towns and non-native people are usually more serious.
After a 3 to 6 day incubation period the typical symptoms that arise are fever, muscle aches, headache and backache. Other symptoms may include a red tongue, flushed face, and reddening of the eyes may also be symptoms of the disease. In a proportion of cases there is also involvement of internal organs - liver, kidneys and the heart. There may be hemorrhage from the digestive tract (bloody vomit). Later the disease is sometimes complicated by jaundice with liver failure and/or renal insufficiency with proteinuria. If the disease progresses, delirium, seizures and coma ensue. Hypotension and dehydration are also common. Mortality is around 5%. Patients who die usually do so within six to seven days from the onset.
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