X-SAMPA Summary Notes Lowercase Symbols Uppercase Symbols

XS	IPA	Description	Examples
`a`	a	open low front unrounded vowel	French dame [`dam`], Spanish padre [`"padre`]
`b`	b	voiced bilabial plosive	English bed [`bEd`], French bon [`bO~`]
`b_<`	ɓ	bilabial voiced implosive
`c`	c	voiceless palatal plosive	Hungarian latyak [`lAcAk`]
`d`	d	voiced alveolar plosive	English dog [`dQg`], French doigt [`dwa`]
d`	ɖ	voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish hord [hu:d`]
`d_<`	ɗ	dental/alveolar voiced implosive
`e`	e	close-mid front unrounded vowel	French ses [`se`]
`f`	f	voiceless labiodental fricative	English five [`faIv`], French femme [`fam`]
`g`	g	voiced velar plosive	English game [`geIm`], French longue [`lO~g`]
`g_<`	ɠ	voiced velar implosive
`h`	h	voiceless glottal fricative	English house [`haUs`]
`h\`	ɦ	voiced glottal fricative
`i`	i	tense close front unrounded vowel	English be [`bi:`], French oui [`wi`], Spanish si [`si`]
`j`	j	palatal approximant	English yes [`jEs`], French yeux [`j2`]
`j\`	ʝ	voiced palatal fricative
`k`	k	voiceless velar plosive	English cat [`k{t`], Spanish carro [`"kar:o`]
`l`	l	alveolar lateral approximant	English lay [`leI`], French mal [`mal`]
l`	ɭ	retroflex lateral approximant	Swedish sorl [so:l`]
`l\`	ɺ	voiced alveolar lateral flap	Japanese phoneme `/r/`
`m`	m	bilabial nasal	English mouse [`maUs`], French homme [`Om`]
`n`	n	alveolar nasal	English nap [`n{p`], French non [`nO~`]
n`	ɳ	retroflex nasal	Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
`o`	o	close-mid back rounded vowel	French gros [`gRo`]
`p`	p	voiceless bilabial plosive	English hop [`hQp`], French pose [`poz`], Spanish perro [`"per:o`]
`p\`	ɸ	voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese fuku [`p\M_0kM`], Scanian sju [`p\@}`]
`q`	q	voiceless uvular plosive	Arabic qasbah [`"qQs_Gba`]
`r`	r	alveolar trill	Spanish perro [`"per:o`]
r`	ɽ	retroflex tap or flap
`r\`	ɹ	voiced (post-)alveolar approximant	English red [`r\Ed`]
r\`	ɻ	retroflex approximant
`s`	s	voiceless alveolar fricative	English seem [`si:m`], French session [`se.sjO~`]
s`	ʂ	voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish mars [mas`]
`s\`	ɕ	voiceless alveolopalatal fricative	Polish swierszcz
`t`	t	voiceless alveolar plosive	English too [`tu:`], French raté [`Rate`], Spanish tuyo
t`	ʈ	voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mört [m2t`]
`u`	u	tense close back rounded vowel	English boom [`bu:m`], Spanish su [`su`]
`v`	v	voiced labioldental fricative	English vest [`vEst`], French voix [`vwa`]
`v\` (or P)	ʋ	labiodental approximant
`w`	w	labiovelar approximant	English west [`wEst`], French oui [`wi`]
`x`	x	voiceless velar fricative	Scottish loch [`lQx`]
`x\`	ɧ	voiceless postalveolar and velar fricative	Occurs in Swedish
`y`	y	tense close front rounded vowel	French tu [`ty`]
`z`	z	voiced alveolar fricative	English zoo [`zu:`], French azote [`azOt`]
z`	ʐ	voiced retroflex fricative
`z\`	ʑ	voiced alveolopalatal fricative	Polish zrebak

1.3 Uppercase symbols

XS	IPA	Description	Example
`A`	ɑ	open back unrounded vowel	English father [`fAD@`]
`B`	β	voiced bilabial fricative
`B\`	ʙ	voiced bilabial trill	Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
`C`	ç	voiceless palatal fricative	German Ich, English human (although this can also begin with [`hj`])
`D`	ð	voiced dental fricative	English then [`DEn`]
`E`	ɛ	open-mid front unrounded vowel	French même [`mEm`], English bed [`bEd`]
`F`	ɱ	labiodental nasal	English emphasis [`"EFf@sIs`] (spoken quickly, otherwise [`"Emf@sIs`])
`G`	γ	voiced velar fricative	Greek γονία [`Go"nia`]
`G\`	ɢ	voiced uvular plosive
`G\_<`	ʛ	voiced uvular implosive
`H`	ɥ	labial-palatal semivowel	French huit [`Hi`]
`H\`	ʜ	voiceless epiglottal fricative
`I`	ɪ	lax close front unrounded vowel	English kit [`kIt`]
`I\`		central lax close unrounded vowel, not in IPA
`J`	ɲ	palatal nasal	Spanish año, English canyon (although this can also use [`nj`])
`J\`	ɟ	voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian egy [`EJ\`]
`J\_<`		voiced palatal implosive
`K`	ɬ	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh llaw
`K\`	ɮ	voiced alveolar lateral fricative
`L`	ʎ	palatal lateral	Italian famiglia, Castilian phoneme `/ll/` as in llamar [`La"mar`]
`L\`	ʟ	voiced velar lateral	English phoneme `/5/`
`M`	ɯ	close back unrounded vowel	Korean 으 (eu)
`M\`	ɰ	velar approximant	Spanish fuego
`N`	n	velar nasal	English thing [`TIN`]
`N\`	ɴ	uvular nasal	Japanese san [`saN\`]
`O`	ɔ	open-mid back rounded vowel	British English thought [`TO:t`]
`O\`	ʘ	bilabial click
`P` (or `v\`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutch phoneme `/w/`, allophone of English phoneme `/r\/`
`Q`	ɒ	open back rounded vowel	British English lot [`lQt`]
`R`	ʁ	voiced uvular fricative	French roi [`Rwa`]
`R\`	ʀ	voiced uvular trill	German phoneme `/r/`
`S`	ʃ	voiceless palatoalveolar fricative	English ship [`SIp`]
`T`	θ	voiceless dental fricative	English thin [`TIn`]
`U`	ʊ	lax close back rounded vowel	English foot [`fUt`]
`U\`		central lax close rounded vowel, not in IPA
`V`	ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	English strut [`str\Vt`]
`W`	ʍ	voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scottish when
`X`	χ	voiceless uvular fricative	Welsh bach
`X\`	h	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ha’
`Y`	ʏ	lax close front rounded vowel	German hübsch
`Z`	ʒ	voiced palatoalveolar fricative	English vision [`"vIZ@n`]

1.4 Other symbols

XS	IPA	Description	Example
`.`		syllable break
`"`	ˈ	primary stress
`%`	ˌ	secondary stress
`&`	ɶ	open front rounded vowel	Dan. drømme
`'` (or `_j`)	ʲ	palatalized
`*`		undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor"
`-`		separator
`/`		indeterminacy in French vowels
`{`	æ	near-open front unrounded vowel	English trap [`tr\{p`]
`}`	ʉ	close central rounded vowel	Swedish sju [`S}:`]
`1`	ɨ	close central unrounded vowel	Welsh tu
`2`	ø	close-mid front rounded vowel	Fr deux [`d2`]
`3`	ɜ	long mid central vowel	British English nurse [`n3:s`]
`3\`	ɞ	open-mid central rounded vowel
`4`	ɾ	voiced alveolar tap	Spanish pero, American English better
`5`	ɫ	dark l; see also _e	English milk [`mI5k`]
`6`	ɐ	open schwa	German besser
`7`	ɤ	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Occurs in Vietnamese
`8`	ɵ	close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish buss
`9`	œ	open-mid front rounded vowel	Fr neuf [`n9f`]
`:`	ː	long
`:\`	ˑ	half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
`<`		begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA )
`<\`	ʢ	voiced epiglottal fricative
`>`		end nonsegmental notation
`>\`	ʡ	epiglottal plosive
`?`	ʔ	glottal stop	German Verein, also Danish stød
`?\`	ʕ	voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ‘ayn
`@`	ə	schwa	English banana [`b@"nAn@`] (RP) or [`b@"n{n@`] (Gen.Am.)
`@\`	ɘ	close-mid central unrounded vowel
`^`	↑	upstep
`!`	↓	downstep
`!\`	ǃ	retroflex click
`\|`		minor (foot) group
`\|\`	ǀ	dental click
`\|\|`		major (intonation) group
`\|\\|\`	ǁ	lateral click
`=\`	ǂ	alveolar click
`-\`	̮	linking mark

1.5 Diacritics

XS	IPA	Description
`_"`	¨	centralized
`_+`	˖	advanced
`_-`	˗	retracted
`_/`	ˇ	rising
`_0`	̥	voiceless
`_<`		implosive
`=` (or `_=`)	̩	syllabic
`_>`	ʼ	ejective
`_?\`	ˤ	pharyngealized
`_\`	ˆ	falling tone
`_^`	̯	non-syllabic
`_}`	̚	no audible release
`	˞	rhoticity in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
`~` (or `_~`)	~	nasalization
`_A`	̘	advanced tongue root
`_a`	̺	apical
`_B`	̏	extra low tone
`_B_L`		low rising tone
`_c`	̜	less rounded
`_d`	̪	dental
`_e`	~	velarized or pharyngealized; see also 5
		global fall
`_F`	^	falling tone
`_G`	ˠ	velarized
`_H`	ˊ	high tone
`_H_T`		high rising tone
`_h`	ʰ	aspirated
`_j` (or `'`)	ʲ	palatalized
`_k`	̰	creaky voice
`_L`	`	low tone
`_l`	ˡ	lateral release
`_M`	¯	mid tone
`_m`	̻	laminal
`_N`	̼	linguolabial
`_n`	ⁿ	nasal release
`_O`	̹	more rounded
`_o`	˕	lowered
`_q`	̙	retracted tongue root
		global rise
`_R`	ˇ	rising tone
`_R_F`		rising falling tone
`_r`	˔	raised
`_T`	˝	extra high tone
`_t`	̤	breathy voice
`_v`	ˬ	voiced
`_w`	ʷ	labialized
`_X`	˘	extra-short
`_x`	˟	mid-centralized

2 See also

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
IPA in Unicode
SAMPA, a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA.

3 External links

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Home > X-SAMPA

1 Summary

1.1 Notes

1.2 Lowercase symbols

1.3 Uppercase symbols

1.4 Other symbols

1.5 Diacritics

2 See also

3 External links

Topics: X-SAMPA, Summary, Notes, Lowercase Symbols, Uppercase Symbols...