Wounded Knee Massacre Prelude To The Incident The Massacre Or

Two early converts to the Ghost Dance Religion were the LakotaAlternative meaning: Lakota, Cote d'Ivoire is a departement of Cote d'Ivoire. The Lakota ("friends" or "allies", sometimes also spelled "Lakhota", and pronounced "Lakxota" by the Lakota people) are a Native American tribe, also known as the Sioux (see Nam warriors of the Pine Ridge Indian ReservationPine Ridge Indian Reservation is a Lakota-Sioux Native American reservation located in the U. state of South Dakota. Most of the land comprising the reservation lies within Shannon County. On June 26, 1975, the reservation was the site of an armed confron Kicking Bear and Short Bull . Both stated that Wilson levitated before them, though they interpreted his statements differently. They rejected Wilson's claims to be the Messiah, and believed that the Messiah would not arrive until 1891. They also rejected Wilson's pacifism, and believed that special garments, called Ghost Spirits , would act as bullet proof armor .

Though perhaps a majority of Pine Ridge Lakota converted to the Ghost Dance Religion, Chief Sitting BullTatanka Iyotake (or Tatanka Iyotanka born Hunkesni Slow and more famously known as Sitting Bull c. 1831 December 15, 1890) was a Native American leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux (see Lakota), who led 3,500 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors against the US 7th Cavalr was not among them. However, he granted practioners religious freedom. Federal officials misconstrued Sitting Bull's tolerance as full support, and attempted to arrest him on December 15December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 16 days remaining. Events 687 St. Sergius I becomes Pope 1702 Forty-seven ronin, formerly in the service of Asano Naganori, assault the household of Kira Y, 1890. For unclear reasons a gun battle ensued, and Sitting Bull was killed.

Sitting Bull's half-brother Big FootSee Bigfoot, the name of a mythological beast Big Foot (??-1890) was the leader of the Miniconjou who were were killed during the Wounded Knee Massacre. He lived on the Cheyenne River Reservation in present-day South Dakota. took over the tribe. On the way to help his fellow chief Red Cloud make peace with the whites, Big Foot was intercepted by Major Samuel Whitside of the 7th Cavalry . Whitside transferred Big Foot to an army ambulence due to his severe pneumonia and escorted the Indians to their camp for the night at Wounded Knee Creek. The army supplied the Indians with some tents and rations, and then conducted a census, determining that there were 120 males and 230 women and children.

The next morning the Sioux found that additional 7th Cavalry troopers with more Hotchkiss guns had arrived during the night. The cannons were set up on a low hill overlooking the Indian encampment. Colonel John Forsyth had assumed command of the soldiers. Forsyth informed his command that the Sioux were to be taken to a military camp in Omaha, Nebraska.

2 The Massacre, or, The Battle

That morning the Indians were summoned to a meeting in their own camp, issued army hardtack for rations, and informed that they must hand over all firearms. Soldiers attempted to disarm the Sioux, but fears of hidden weapons persisted. Not satisfied with the weapons voluntarily stacked by the Indians, the soldiers began to search the tents, and removed anything that could be used as a weapon. Seized material ranged from firearms to extra tent stakes and hatchets for cutting firewood. Next the soldiers began to search the warriors. As the efforts to locate weapons continued, the Indians became more irritated and unruly.

The last warrior the soldiers attempted to disarm was Black Coyote . Some accounts claim that Black Coyote was deaf or otherwise impaired. Regardless, the seizure was unsuccessful and a weapon discharged. Fearing an attack, other soldiers on the rise began firing the Hotchkiss guns. Chaos ensued, as soldiers working with the Indians were caught in the crossfire, and warriors ran to re-arm themselves from the stacked weapons.

When the shooting stopped, 153 Indians lay dead, along with 25 cavalrymen. Big Foot lay among the dead. Perhaps a majority of the soldiers killed died by friendly fire. Wounded soldiers and Indians were placed in wagons and taken to Pine Ridge. Approximately 50 Indians arrived at Pine Ridge, but were kept outside in the cold until quarters were found. Approximately 150 Indians remained unaccounted for. Most sources believe that these fled the federal army, and an unknown number subsequently died of wounds and exposure.

3 The Aftermath

The military hired civilians to bury the dead Indians after an intervening snowstorm had abated. Arriving at the battleground, the burial party found the deceased frozen in contorted positions by the freezing weather. They were gathered up and placed in a common grave. Forsyth was exonerated of any wrong-doing.

Reaction to the battle among the American public was generally favorable. 20 Congressional Medals of Honor were awarded to federal soldiers. Many Americans living near the Indian reservations interpreted the battle as a defeat of a murderous cult, though some confused Ghost Dancers with Indians in general. In an editorial in response to the event, a young newspaper editor, L. Frank Baum, later famous as the author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, wrote in the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer on January 3, 1891:

The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, inorder to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past.

In the late 20th century, reaction grew more critical. Many consider the incident one of the most grievous atrocities in American history. It has been commemorated in the popular protest song written by Buffy St. Marie , Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, as well as the book by native American historian Dee Brown by the same name.

Historically, Wounded Knee is generally considered to be the end of the Indian Wars, the series of conflicts between colonial/U.S. forces and Native tribes since the 17th century, establishing total U.S. dominance of the frontier. It also marked the end of the Ghost Dance Religion.

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Home > Wounded Knee Massacre

1 Prelude to the Incident

2 The Massacre, or, The Battle

3 The Aftermath

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