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In computer science, algorithms work-in-place if they transform a data structure using a minimal, constant amount of extra memory (or disk) space. The input is overwritten with the output.

For example, sorting algorithms that can rearrange arrays into a desired order in-place include:

Quicksort is commonly described as an in-place algorithm, but is not in fact one. Most implementations require O(log n) space to support its divide-and-conquer recursion.

In computational complexity theoryComplexity theory is part of the theory of computation dealing with the resources required during computation to solve a given problem. The most common resources are time (how many steps does it take to solve a problem) and space (how much memory does it, in-place algorithms have O(1) space complexity.

Functional programmingFunctional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions. In contrast to imperative programming, functional programming emphasizes the evaluation of functional expressions, rather than execution languages often discourage or don't support in-place algorithms that overwrite data (rather than merely constructing new data).

This is a type of side effect. Note that it is possible in principle to carefully construct in-place algorithms that don't modify data (unless the data is no longer being used), but this is rarely done in practice. See purely functional data structures .

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Topics: Work-in-place, Works Of Rudyard Kipling, Work Breakdown...

Works of Rudyard KiplingRudyard Kipling's Works Books (all collections of short stories except as noted) Departmental Ditties (1886, poetry) Plain Tales from the Hills (1888) Soldiers Three (1888) The Story of the Gadsbys (1888, novel) In Black and White (1888) Under the Deodars	Work breakdown structureIn project management, a work breakdown structure WBS is an exhaustive, hierarchical (from general to specific) tree structure of deliverables and tasks that need to be performed to complete a project. The purpose of a WBS is to identify terminal elements	WorkIn physics, work is the energy transferred in applying force over a distance. Commonly, work ( labour) is effort expended by people. See also: employment, career In the fine arts, a work is a creation, such as a song or a painting.
Working memoryIn cognitive psychology, working memory is the collection of structures and processes within the brain used for temporarily storing and manipulating information (although the manipulation of working memory contents is increasingly being seen as attributab	Work stationIn telecommunication, the term work station has the following meanings: 1. In automated systems, such as computer, communications, and control systems, the input, output, display, and processing equipment that provides the operator- system interface.	Work functionThe work function is the minimum energy (usually measured in electron volts) needed to remove an electron from the Fermi level in a metal to a point at infinite distance away outside the surface. The work function is generally about half the ionization en
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