| • Science | • People | • Locations | • Timeline |
Established in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt, Wind Cave National Park is a United States national park 11 miles (18 km) north of the town of Hot Springs in western South Dakota. It was the seventh U.S. National Park and the first cave to be designated a national park anywhere in the world. The cave is notable for its displays of the calcite formation known as boxwork. Approximately 95 % of the world's boxwork formations are found in Wind Cave. The cave is also considered a three-dimensional maze cave. As of May 2004, the cave was the sixth longest in the world, with 111 miles (179 km) of explored cave passageways. Above ground, the park includes the largest remaining natural mixed grass prairie in the United States.
The Lakota people, Native Americans who lived in the Black Hills of South Dakota spoke of a hole that blew air, a place they considered sacred.
The first documented discovery of the cave by early explorers was in 1881 by brothers Tom and Jesse Bingham. They heard a sound of wind rushing out from a 10 by 14 inch (250 by 360 mm) hole in the ground. According to the story, when Tom looked down into the hole, the wind was blowing out so hard that it blew his hat off of his head.
The wind they heard and felt explains the cave's name. The wind moves depending on atmospheric pressureAtmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by the weight of air above any area in the Earth's atmosphere. Standard atmospheric pressure atm is discussed in the next section. Air masses are affected by the general atmospheric pressure within the mass, cre on the surface and inside the cave. When the pressure is higher outside than inside the cave, wind rushes into the entrances; when pressure is higher inside the cave, the wind rushes out of the entrances.
Since the first discovery in 1881, few people ventured more than a few feet (metres) into Wind Cave, but it wasn't until the early 1890s, when a 16 year old boy named Alvin McDonald began exploring, that Wind Cave was discovered to extend beyond the original hole.
Alvin McDonald's father, J.D. McDonald, was employed by the South Dakota MiningSilver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. Materials commonly recovered by mining include b Company to find gold in the cave, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Instead, an opportunity was discovered to send tours into the cave. These early tours explored the cave by candlelight and by crawling through some sometimes narrow passageways.
Wind Cave National Park protects a diverse ecosystemIn ecology, an ecosystem is a community of organisms (plant, animal and other living organisms also referred as biocenose) together with their environment (or biotope), functioning as a unit. The term ecosystem first appeared in a 1935 publication by the with eastern and western plant and animal species. Some of the more visible animals include elk (also called wapiti), bisonThe American Bison Bison bison , often called buffalo is the largest terrestrial mammal in North America. The bison is a bovine mammal that formerly roamed the open plains of the United States and Canada in massive herds, ranging from the Great Slave Lake, pronghorn antelope and prairie dogs.
Several roads run through the park and there are 30 miles (50 km) of hiking trails, so almost the entire park is accessible. The park had 850,000 visitors in 2003.