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The Wilshire 5000 is a market capitalization-weighted index, meaning price change in its components are factored against the total market capitalization of those components. Dow Jones publishes both an index based on full market capitalization and also one based on a float-adjusted market capitalization, reflecting the number of shares actually available to trade. The list of securities is updated monthly to add new listings for corporate spin-offs and initial public offerings, and to remove companies which move to the pink sheet s or stop trading for ten days.

The index was created by Wilshire Associates in 1974 and named for the approximate number of issues it included at that time. It was renamed the "Dow Jones Wilshire 5000" after the Dow Jones & Company took over responsibility for its calculation and maintenance in April 2004.