c. 500 B.C.¹ - Sushruta - wrote Sushruta Samhita describing over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classified human surgery in 8 categories. Performed cosmetic surgery.
c. 350 B.C. - Aristotle attempted a comprehensive classification of animals. His written works included Historia Animalium, a general biology of animals, De Partibus Animalium, a comparative anatomy and physiologyPhysiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Physiology has traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology but the principles of physiology are universal, no matter what partic of animals, and De Generatione Animalium, on developmental biology.
c. 320 BC - Theophrastos (or Theophrastus)Theophrastus the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, was born c. His original name was Tyrtamus but he later became known by the nickname "Theophrastus," given to him, it is said, by Aristotle to indicate the gr begins the systematic study of botanyBotany is the scientific study of plants. As a branch of biology, it is also sometimes referred to as plant science(s or plant biology . Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, dis.
c. 300 B.C. - HerophilosHerophilos sometimes Latinized Herophilus (335-280 BC), was a Greek physician. He was born in Chalcedon in Asia Minor (now Kadikoy, Turkey). He is known as the first anatomist in history. Together with Erasistratus he is regarded as a founder of the great dissected the human body.
c. 300 B.C. - DioclesIn Greek mythology, Diocles or Diokles was one of the first priests of Demeter and one of the first to learn the secrets of the Eleusinian Mysteries. See also : Diocletian, formerly named Diocles. wrote the first known anatomy book and was the first to use the term anatomy.
c. 50-70 - Historia Naturalis by Pliny the ElderGaius Plinius Secundus ( 23 79) better known as Pliny the Elder was an ancient author and scientist of some importance who wrote Naturalis Historia''. He was the son of a Roman eques by the daughter of the senator Gaius Caecilius of Novum Comum. He was bo (Gaius Plinius Secundus) was published in 37 volumes.
130-200 - Claudius GalenClaudius Galenus of Pergamum ( 131- 201 AD), better known as Galen was an ancient Greek physician. His views dominated European medicine for over a thousand years. Life Galen was born in Pergamum (modern-day Bergama, Turkey) to an architect's family. wrote numerous treatises on human anatomy.
c. 1010 - AvicennaAvicenna: abu ali sina Avicenna or in Persian, Abu Ali Husain ebn Abdallah Ebn-e Sina or simply Ibn Sina (as he is usually called) ( 980 1037), was a Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on many subjects, many on p (Ibn Sina or Abu Ali al Hussein ibn Abdallah) published his Canon of Medicine (Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb).
1802 - The term biology in its modern sense is propounded independently by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (Biologie oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur) and Lamarck (Hydrogéologie). The word had been coined in 1800 by Karl Friedrich Burdach.
1874 - Jacobus van 't Hoff and Joseph-Achille Le Bel advance a three-dimensional stereochemical representation of organic molecules and propose a tetrahedral carbon atom.
1876 - Oskar Hertwig and Hermann Fol show that fertilized eggs possess both male and female nuclei.
1884 - Emil Fischer begins his detailed analysis of the compositions and structures of sugars.
1907 - Ivan Pavlov demonstrates conditioned responses with salivating dogs.
1907 - Emil Fischer artificially synthesizes peptideamino acid chains and thereby shows that amino acids in proteins are connected by amino group-acid group bonds.
1972 - SJ Singer and GL Nicholson develop the fluid mosaic model, which deals with the make-up of the membrane of all cells.
1974 - Manfred Eigen and Manfred Sumper show that mixtures of nucleotide monomers and RNA replicase will give rise to RNA molecules which replicate, mutate, and evolve.
1974 - Leslie Orgel shows that RNA can replicate without RNA-replicase and that zinc aids this replication.
1977 - John Corliss , Jack Dymond , Louis Gordon , John Edmond , Richard von Herzen , Robert Ballard, Kenneth Green , David Williams, Arnold Bainbridge , Kathy Crane , and Tjeerd van Andel discover chemosynthetically based animal communities located around submarine hydrothermal vents on the Galapagos Rift .
1986 - Alexander Klibanov demostrates that enzymes can function in non-aqueous environments.
6 1990-present
1990 - Wolfgang Krätschmer , Lowell Lamb , Konstantinos Fostiropoulos , and Donald Huffman discover that Buckminsterfullerene can be separated from soot because it is soluble in benzene.
1996 - Dolly the sheep is first clone of an adult mammal.
2001 - Publication of the first drafts of the complete human genome.
1. The date at which the Sushruta Samhita was compiled is uncertain.
A Tribute to Hinduism says Sushruta lived in the 5th century B.C., and so the date 500 B.C. may be too early.