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Home > Spiritual (music)


A spiritual is a African-American song with a religious text. Originally monophonic and a cappella, these songs are antecedents of the blues. Spirituals were songs sung by enslaved people to express their religion. They were first sung by slaves on Southern plantations as work songs, sometimes with hidden messages of a slave owner’s unexpected return, rebellion or escape.

Singing spirituals sometimes provided comfort for pain, and eased the boredom of daily tasks. Above all, they are an expression of the inner freedom of human beings whose bodies were in bondage. A well known example of a spiritual is Swing Low, Sweet Chariot.

1 The evolution of the spiritual

With the advent of Harry Burleigh (1866-1949), the spiritual began to develop into a sophisticated art form. Burleigh attended the conservatory in New York City that was founded by Jeannette Thurber. Seeking to attract a prestigious faculty, Thurber had asked Czech composer Antonín Dvorák to head her conservatory; Dvorák agreed to do so, on the condition that talented Native American or African American composers be allowed to attend without paying tuition. Burleigh was accepted as a student, and became Dvorák's protege, during which time he sang the traditional spirituals for Dvorák. With Dvorák's encouragement, Burleigh began to compose classical song and choral arrangements of spirituals, which were later made famous by artists such as the Fisk Jubilee Singers , Marian Anderson, Robert McFerrin Sr., and William Warfield. Another great composer of classical settings of spirituals was Hall Johnson (1887-1970).

Some examples of spirituals which were set in this way are "Ride On King Jesus," "Ain't Got Time to Die," and "Hold On."

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Christian musicChristian music is music created by or adapted for the Christian church. There is virtually no record of the earliest music of the Christian church except a few New Testament fragments of what are probably hymns. Some of these fragments are still sung as Songs

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