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The Song dynasty itself can be divided into two distinct periods: the Northern Song and Southern Song. The Northern Song ( 960- 1127) signifies the time when the Song capital was in the northern city of Kaifeng and the dynasty controlled all China. The Southern Song ( 1127- 1279) refers to the time after the Song lost control of northern China to the Khitan Liao dynasty, itself later conquered by the Jurchen Jin dynasty. The Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River and made their capital at HangzhouHangzhou (; pinyin: Hangzhou; WG: Hang-chou) is a sub-provincial city in China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. Located 180 km southwest of Shanghai, the population in the city proper is now 1. In China, the city is well known for its beautiful scen. Because Chinese diplomatic theory did not recognize relations between equal states, the Southern Song was technically a tributary state of the northern dynasty.
The northern Jin dynasty was overrun by the MongolsThe Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China, particularly Inner Mongolia. They currently number about 8. 5 million and speak the Mongol language. They form one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by in 1234Events Canonization of Saint Dominic Births Deaths Emperor Chukyo of Japan Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan Monarchs/Presidents Aragon James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile a, who subsequently took control of northern China and maintained uneasy relations with the Southern Song court. The Mongol Yuan dynasty, proclaimed in 1271Events Kublai Khan named his empire "Yuan" ( yuan2), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty. The 1st Peace of Pressburg is signed in Bratislava on July 2 between Czech king Ottokar II and King Stephen V of Hungary. Gregory X is named Pope Baibar, finally destroyed the Song dynasty in 1279 and once more unified China, this time as part of a vast Mongol empire.