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Misinformation and rumors about the September 11, 2001 attacks began circulating almost immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The dramatic events of the day filled many people with a sense of uncertainty, and what had previously seemed unimaginable to many had become a reality. In this environment, many wild rumors began to spread. In addition, many people hungered to find meaning in the apparently meaningless violent attacks. For all these reasons, dozens of rumors began to spread.
Some rumors, such as the involvement of al-Qaeda, turned out to be true. Others have been verifiably shown to be false, many of which are listed below. A few have not yet been proven or disproven, but the unfolding of events and the diligence of the 9/11 Commission may eventually lay these rumors to rest.
This page is created in the interest of having a record of some of the rumors and misinformation that can arise in the face of tragedy. It is not intended to be disrespectful of those who, perhaps innocently, might relay incorrect information believing it to be true.
The following rumors gained wide circulation after the attacks, but have been later revealed as untrue.
There were early claims of Kashmiri responsibility for the attacks. These were quickly disproven. It is nearly universally accepted that Kashmiri separatists played no role in the attacks.
The search for survivors from the wreckage of the World Trade Center continued for weeks, but the search was fruitless. Several reported rescues on September 13 proved to be false. The only persons rescued were some firefighters who became trapped earlier that day in the search and rescue operation. An office worker named Carla Guzman was, however, rescued from the remains of the South Tower on September 12. [1]
The sheer number of casualties and the chaos of the day meant that missing persons lists were greatly inflated. The true total casualty figure of the day was very close to 3,000. The claim of 10,000 came from a variety of sources that proved to be unreliable.
Early estimates of Israeli deaths, as of the total death toll, proved substantially exaggerated. George W. Bush cited the figure of 130 in his speech of September 20. In reality, there were a total of 5 Israeli deaths in the attack: Alona Avraham, Leon Lebor, Shay Levinhar, Daniel Lewin, and Haggai Sheffi.
Early estimates of Indian deaths, as of the total death toll, proved somewhat exaggerated. George W. Bush cited the figure of 250 in his speech of September 20. In reality, there were a total of 17 Indian deaths in the attack (plus another 100 persons of Indian origin[2].)
Early estimates of British deaths, as of the total death toll, proved somewhat exaggerated. George W. Bush cited the figure of "hundreds" in his speech of September 20. In reality, there were a total of 67 British deaths in the attack[3].
The following text (and variants) began to spread through the Internet within days of the attack:
This is not an authentic Nostradamus quatrain. It appears nowhere in his works, and in fact Nostradamus died long before 1654. [4]
It has since been revealed that this passage made famous in email was originally written by a Canadian student as part of an essay on the open, general and often misleading nature of predictions both by Nostradamus & others. Following the September 11 attacks, the original work appeared and then rocketed around the world in email but was the victim of many well intentioned, but misleading revisions by people who received and then forwarded on the passage.
Soon after the attacks, webpages appeared that claimed to show 'unreleased' stills of a UFOUFO or unidentified flying object in the original, literal sense means any airborne object whose nature is not readily known. Nowadays, the term is generally used to mean those cases that are believed by some to be the spaceships of extraterrestrial alien rushing past the towers several seconds after the second plane hit.
Closer inspection reveals that the object in question was a birdFor other meanings of bird see bird (disambiguation). Many see text Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates characterized primarily by feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, and hollow bones. There are almost 9000 known species of birds in flying between the World Trade Center and the camera.
Shortly after the attacks, CNN showed footage of PalestinianPalestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. Palestinian While there are various older or different definitions of "Palestinian" (discussed in Definitions of Palestine#Palestinian), the overwhelming mas cheering. Some reported that this was old footage taken out of context. This claim is false. The demonstrations did happen and were condemned by Arafat; the footage was current. [5]
There was indeed some footage that was staged, but it was actually shot by a Palestinian camera crew. The footage is of some cheering children and a middle aged woman eating cookies. Reporters from Der Stern and Dagens Nyheter managed to trace down and interview the woman and she claimed to have no knowledge of the attack at the time she was filmed.
An email was circulated which showed a photograph of a tourist on top of the north tower just seconds before American Airlines flight 11 struck it. The view of the northern side of the city, and the American Airlines markings on the plane, are both unmistakable. However, this photograph is beyond any reasonable doubt a hoax. (The picture is shown, and its story discussed, on the snopes.com website.)
There were many initial clues that the photograph was inauthentic. Flight 11 was moving at hundreds of kilometers per hour just before it struck the World Trade Center. At that speed, it ought to have been a blur. Yet the shot of the plane in the photograph is very clear - it almost seems to be stationary in the air. The aircraft pictured is a Boeing 757, while Flight 11 was a Boeing 767. The World Trade Center did not open its observation tower facilities until 09:30 hrs; the plane struck at 08:46 hrs. September 11 was a warm and sunny day in New York City, yet the man is shown wearing a heavy coat and thermal cap, both designed for cold weather. Finally, there was no observation deck on the north tower.
The original picture was taken when a Hungarian named Peter (who wished that his last name be withheld) visited the Towers on November 28, 1997. The original picture without plane and other pictures of Peter can be found on Wired's website. Since then the ' Accidental Tourist' has become an internet phenomenon.
He does not. Citibank is owned in part by Saudi prince Alwaleed bin Talal, who at some point after the attacks was apparently confused with Osama bin Laden. Bin Talal has no connection with al-Qaeda.
The New York Post reported the Snapple story as part of a general story about the Saudi bin Laden Group owning part of this company. The Chief Executive of Snapple, Michael Weinstein, released a statement denying it.
There was no recorded rise in the US birth rate in June 2002, or in any other part of that year.
A number of people across the country received an e-mail chain letter making this warning. It said that an Afghan left a letter to his girlfriend on September 10, 2001, asking her not to take any flights on September 11 and not to go to any shopping mall on Halloween. It was said that the letter is now in the FBI's hands. The letter implied that there is a second phase of the terrorist attacks and the targets will be trick-or-treaters.
The email was traced back to a person named Laura Katsi, who apparently has no first-hand knowledge of the event and regrets passing the note along. The FBI has investigated the matter and took the unusual step of issuing a statement on the hoax, declaring the claim to be unsubstantiated. A few variations on this message are also circulating. [6] [7] [8] All of these have been shown to be false.
There have been persistent rumors that Mohammed Atta, the suspected leader of the September 11 attacks, was a known terrorist. Reportedly he had bombed an Israeli bus in 1986 and was freed from Israel on insistence by the US as a result of the Oslo Peace Accords. This is incorrect. The bus bomber is the Palestinian Mahmoud Mahmoud Atta. He is a naturalized US citizen and was extradited by the US to Israel in 1990. He was freed after that extradition was held to be invalid by the Israeli supreme court. His whereabouts are unknown. He was 47 years old at the time of the September 11 attack, while Mohammed Atta was 33. [9] [10]
There have been claims that former Iran/Contra figure Oliver North issued a warning about Osama bin Laden during testimony in the 1980s to the U.S. Senate. This claim has been circulating via email since shortly after September 11. Oliver North did mention a terrorist during his testimony to the Iran/Contra committee, but the individual he mentioned was Abu Nidal, who has no connection to Bin Laden. The U.S. News and World Report looked into this urban legend and interviewed North himself, whose aides "confirmed the fake. North, in fact, suggests that at the time of the Reagan-era Senate hearings into the scandal, rebels like bin Laden were U.S. friends lined up against Soviet invaders."[11] The "Urban Legends" web site also has a page debunking the Oliver North story.[12]
Claims that certain groups of Arab-Americans celebrated the attacks circulated through e-mail shortly after 9/11. These e-mails included calls to boycott certain businesses, such as Dunkin Donuts, which supposedly had a franchise owned by Arabs. Another rumor is that American Football Hall of Famer, Terry Bradshaw, attacked five Arabs whom he saw celebrating that day. These claims are false. More information can be found on a snopes.com page. [13]
Some claim that the towers could not have been leveled only from damage caused by collision with the hijacked planes. They find it implausible that the relatively small amount of rapid-burning jet fuel could have melted the towers' steel beams. Some furthermore indicate as suspicious the fact that both buildings fell straight down even though the plane crashed into the corner of Tower 2.
Several variations of this claim exist, but each concludes that the World Trade Center must have been detonated from within.
For example, video footage has led some people to believe that the buildings were demolished professionally with explosives. [14] A group of engineers believe the Twin Towers and 7 World Trade Center strangely collapsed, regarding the vertical collapse of the three buildings as an unlikely occurrence without the aid of explosives. "Explosives put in WTC concrete.."
However, most engineers view the collapse as sensible and even predictable given the conditions. According to this view, the jet fuel (which never burns hot enough to actually melt steel anyway) acted to instantaneously spread the fire. The impact furthermore blew insulation off of steel beams. Because of these factors, the steel was quickly heated enough to lose significant strength. In concert with structural damage, this softening of steel caused failure. [15] Once failure thus occurs, the monolithic mass and internal center of gravity permitted each tower to fall essentually in only one direction: straight down. This view has been officially confirmed by forensic analysis of key components of debris.
Significant debate among exists about exactly which mechanisms felled the towers, especially because each tower appears to have failed in a different way, but claims about explosives are not entertained by mainstream forensic and structural engineers.
See also: Collapse of the World Trade Center
Following the attacks, an e-mail was widely forwarded purporting to be Canadian journalist Gordon Sinclair's response to September 11. While his stirring denouncement of those who criticize or attack Americans provided great comfort to many who read it, Sinclair -- who died in 1984 -- had in fact written the editorial in 1973, in response to the end of the Vietnam War.
This claim, made by Al-Manar, has been repeated by a wide variety of other sources, such as Amiri Baraka; see Zionist conspiracy theories regarding the September 11, 2001 attacks. The figure "4,000" was probably taken by Al-Manar from a Jerusalem Post article of September 12 (p. 3), which said "The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attack." This number, obviously, was not (as Al-Manar claimed) restricted to employees; in fact, Tsviya Shimon, minister of administrative affairs for the Israeli consulate and mission in New York, said on September 14 "that there might have been up to 100 Israeli citizens working in the World Trade Center". There were a total of 5 Israeli deaths in the attack (Alona Avraham, Leon Lebor, Shay Levinhar, Daniel Lewin, Haggai Sheffi), of which 3 were in the World Trade center and 2 were on the planes. (4 are listed as American on most lists, presumably having dual citizenship.)
However, since September 11 was an election day in New York that year, it is quite possible that many people did not necessarily skip work, but rather many may have gone to the polls to vote, intending to go in to work later in the day. This fact may account in part for the magnitude of the number suggested, if indeed the occupancy figures at the time of the impacts was significantly lower than would otherwise be expected.
Due to their nature, some claims cannot be conclusively disproven. Still others have not been refuted at this time, but may be in the future. Keep in mind that a vast majority of unbiased investigators believe that most of these claims have no merit.
Various rumors circulated in the Arab world following the attack to the effect that non-Muslims, in particular Israelis or supporters of Israel, perpetrated the attack to frame Arabs and Muslims; see Zionist conspiracy theories.
Al-Manar claimed that:
A massive pro-Israel rally, led by the United Jewish Communities , had been planned for September 23, 2001, and Ariel Sharon had been going to speak there[16]. It was canceled on September 12[17]. However, according to The Forward, Sharon was still scheduled to speak there at that point[18].
After President Bush faced some criticism for flying around the US in Air Force One instead of returning immediately to Washington or New York, members of his administration (Vice President Dick Cheney, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice) told the press on several occasions that there had been a "credible threat" against Bush by terrorists. Later, AP and CBS news investigated this claim and found it to be false. In response to this, the Administration officials said that there had been a "misunderstanding". White House officials also claimed that the plane which crashed into the Pentagon originally was aimed at the White House. That claim was also debunked.
A French Web site has disputed that Flight 77 hit the Pentagon. It does not explain what happened to the plane and its crew and passengers. Its claims have now been published in a book.
In March 2002 the US authorities released photographs from a surveillance camera. The pictures, complete with times (set to another time zone) at the bottom corner, can be found on this BBC webpage. The first picture is timed 17:37:19 and the last 17:37:23.
The claims include that an object depicted in a photograph showing it about to strike the building has a different shape and size than that of a Boeing 757, and that photographs taken after the Pentagon was hit and before the damaged part collapsed, show the hole being less than that a 757 would produce, even assuming that most of the wings did come off.
This Flash documentary describes inconsistencies in the official version and also purports that video footage from at least 4 cameras alongside the plane approach (on hotel rooftop, at a gas station and on the highway) route were confiscated by the FBI minutes after the explosion and never released.
This Flash presentation, like the earlier website, employs selective use of quotes. For example, immediately after the explosion some eyewitnesses described the object as a missile, although most recalled some sort of plane. Indeed, several specifically recall a large plane[19]. Conflicting recollections demonstrate at best the unreliability of memory around tragic events. Other quotes supposedly come from firefighters working inside the building who claim no debris from the Boeing 757 plane exist. Other witnesses and photographs apparently depict wreckage which could either be from a 757 or from another kind of plane [20].
The conspiracy theory has yet to give a credible explanation of what happened to the missing plane, passengers and crew.
This is a webpage that claims it is mathematically impossible for the plane to have hit the Pentagon in that time without moving at mach speeds.
A rebuttal page exists at snopes.com.
US authorities have denied shooting down Flight 93, but some claim there is contrary evidence.
Although US authorities claim the the plane crashed at 10:03, seismic activity in the region indicates that the plane actually crashed at 10:06. One hypothesis presented is that an F-16 shot out one of the engines just before UA 93 flew over the Johnstown Cambria County Airport around 9:58 AM after which the plane crashed in Starkville at 10:06 15-16 minutes before it would have otherwise reached Washington DC. This would be consistent with the seismic activity and consistent with a timeline given in the Pittsburg Gazette.
Wreckage (including engine wreckage) was found upwind of the crash site, and roughly in the direction from which the plane came, implying that the plane broke up at least to some degree before it crashed. However, this is ambiguous and much wreckage can be expected to be strewn as a result of the crash that occurred. Had the plane broken up in midair, at least some of the bodies would have been scattered. Instead they were all found in the crater.
There are observations by many eyewitnesses who saw other aircraft in the area. US authorities have said that they have identified a civilian aircraft that was in the area, and that it had nothing to do with the downing of Flight 93.
Additional evidence can be garnered from a Meet the Press interview on September 16th 2001 between Tim Russert and Dick Cheney: VICE PRES. CHENEY: Well, the - I suppose the toughest decision was this question of whether or not we would intercept incoming commercial aircraft. MR. RUSSERT: And you decided? VICE PRES. CHENEY: We decided to do it. We'd, in effect, put a flying combat air patrol up over the city; F-16s with an AWACS, which is an airborne radar system, and tanker support so they could stay up a long time.
A statement that a sonic boom was detected shortly before the crash has now been withdrawn by its author and contrary to what several media reports have stated, passenger Edward Felt did not report seeing 'white smoke' pouring into the toilet from where he was making a phone call from the plane.
President Bush certainly knew that bin Laden was a terrorist who would like to attack the USA, as is confirmed by the release of the August 6, 2001 Presidential Daily Briefing, but the specificity of Bush's knowledge is hotly debated. Some rumors suggest that Bush may have had detailed knowledge of the actual attack, and that he allowed the attacks to occur for political reasons, but no substantiating evidence has been made public. The PDB does mention "seventy full field investigations" and that the intellegence community has been unable to "confirm some of the more sensational threat reporting", leaving open the question as to whether detailed information about the plot was available to the administration.
Bush has claimed many times that he had no specific forewarnings of an impending attack on U.S. soil, and it remains unclear exactly what Bush might have anticipated.
Bush's December 4 2001 comment, and I was sitting outside the classroom waiting to go in, and I saw an airplane hit the tower -- the TV was obviously on, and I use to fly myself, and I said, "There's one terrible pilot.", [21] even though footage of the first plane hitting the WTC was not televised until the a day or two after, was interpreted by some as proof that the President had advance knowledge of the attack. [22]
This is further discussed in 9/11 domestic conspiracy theory.
When Zacarias Moussaoui was initially taken into custody he was alleged to have been part of the September 11 plot. He was commonly referred to as the " 20th hijacker".
Although Moussaoui seems to have been training for an act of aircraft terrorism, there has been no evidence found to link him with Flight 93 or any of the other aircraft. He did not train with the other hijackers and seems to have had no contact with them. According to Ramzi Binalshibh, a person who was part of the plot, a role for Moussaoui was contemplated but never materialized.
What little information that is available about tactics used to take control of the aircraft came from the phone calls from passengers and flight attendants. They used a variety of weapons, in which box cutters did play a part.
Barbara Olson who was on Flight 77 reported that the hijackers had knives and box cutters. Passengers on Flight 93 reported knives and bomb threats (including a box that reportedly contained a bomb). A flight attendant on Flight 11 said she was disabled by chemical spray, and references were also made to a bomb. Box cutters were also presumably used on Flight 11, as Mohammed Atta purchased some at Portland on the night of September 10. Stabbings were also reported by a passenger on Flight 175. The term 'knife' in all of these reports may well have included 'box cutter', especially when one recalls the stressful circumstances.Despite initial statements by the Bush administration to the contrary, no evidence has been seen publicly linking Iraq to the attacks. The two captured planners of the attacks, Binalshibh and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, have reportedly denied Iraqi involvement. Other assertions, such as one claim that Atta met with an Iraqi agent in Prague, have either been disproven or discounted.
The 9/11 Commission Report states on page 335 that Paul Wolfowitz had pressed the administration to invade Iraq just days after the attacks. "Secretary Colin Powell recalled that Wolfowitz--not Rumsfeld--argued that Iraq was ultimately the source of the terrorist problem and should therefore be attacked. [...] He argued that if there was even a 10% chance that Saddam Hussein was behind the 9/11 attack, maximum priority should be placed on eliminating that threat. Wolfowitz contended that the odds were far more than 1 in 10, citing Saddam's praise for the attack, his long record of involvement in terrorism, and theories that Ramzi Yousef was an Iraqi agent and that Iraq was behind the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center."
The Report also observes that " Condoleezza Rice's chief staffer on Afghanistan, Zalmay Khalilzad, concurred in its [a September 18 memo by Richard Clarke] conclusion that only some anecdotal evidence linked Iraq to al Qaeda."
On page 61, the Report notes that "Bin Laden was also willing to explore possibilities for cooperation with Iraq, even though Iraq's dictator, Saddam Hussein, had never had an Islamist agenda--save for his opportunistic pose as a defender of the faithful against "Crusaders" during the Gulf War of 1991. Moreover, Bin Laden had in fact been sponsoring anti-Saddam Islamists in Iraqi Kurdistan, and sought to attract them into his Islamic army."
In Chapter 5, we find that "To Mohammed Atta, Saddam Hussein was an American stooge set up to give Washington an excuse to intervene in the Middle East."
Retired General Brent Scowcroft, former National Security Advisor to George H.W. Bush, wrote an essay published in the Wall Street Journal in August 2002 in which he wrote, "Saddam's strategic objective appears to be to dominate the Persian Gulf, to control oil from the region, or both. That clearly poses a real threat to key U.S. interests. But there is scant evidence to tie Saddam to terrorist organizations, and even less to the Sept. 11 attacks. Indeed Saddam's goals have little in common with the terrorists who threaten us, and there is little incentive for him to make common cause with them. [...] There is little evidence to indicate that the United States itself is an object of his aggression. Rather, Saddam's problem with the U.S. appears to be that we stand in the way of his ambitions. He seeks weapons of mass destruction not to arm terrorists, but to deter us from intervening to block his aggressive designs." [23]
The federal government twice grounded crop-dusters after 9/11 and the original indictment of Moussaoui suggested that he and the other plotters were investigating crop dusters. There were even reports from Florida that Atta and other Arab men inquired about crop dusters. A Department of Agriculture official claimed that Atta asked for a government loan to buy a plane for crop-dusting.
Although this evidence seems compelling, it doesn't hold up well to deeper examination. First of all, the date that Atta was purported to have visited a crop-dusting facility doesn't match with any dates where he was in the vicinity. The Moussaoui indictment later dropped any references to crop-dusting. In their interrogations, the captured planners did not indicate any interest in a crop-dusting attack and that the plan was always to fly airplanes into buildings. While a loan may have been sought from the Agricultural Department for a stated purpose of crop-dusting, it does not necessarily mean that the airplane was intended to be used for this purpose.
Although there were reports that trading of put options on airline stocks was unusually busy before 9/11, a Securities and Exchange Commission investigation has so far yielded no complaints of illegal activity.
Some rumors turned out to be correct, although many are merely strange coincidences.
Claim that a " Bert is Evil" website was removed because of an image showing Osama bin Laden and the popular muppet.
A photograph of a pro-bin Laden rally in Bangladesh showed a poster of Osama bin Laden with a small but clearly identifiable image of Bert, a muppet from the children's television show Sesame Street, over his right shoulder. (Another smaller image of bin Laden is immediately to the right of Bert's image.) The photo is from Reuters, and was not doctored. In fact, the image of Osama and Bert had been created (using an image editing tool) by a humorist earlier and placed on a website, and the person who made the poster must have copied it from the World Wide Web, leaving in the image of Evil Bert.
As a response to this, the creator of the "Bert is Evil" website has taken down the site and posted a note explaining the decision. "I am doing this because I feel this has gotten too close to reality," he says, "and I choose to be responsible enough to stop it right here." For full message text, see [24]. For a detailed account of the use of the image, in South Asia as well as by Western news agencies, see [25]. (The latter also argues against the notion that inclusion of the Bert image of the photo is some kind of coded communication.)
Although the creator of Bert is Evil requested that all mirror versions of his site be taken down, versions of the site remain widely accessible online as of 2004.
Several photographs were circulated throughout the Internet in the days following the tragedy that depicted smoke rising from the Twin Towers that resembled demonic heads. It has been confirmed by AP that at least one of these photos is authentic. See [26] and [27].
The pictures certainly seem to be genuine, but most people see this as an example of pareidolia.
Within a few months of the attacks, it was discovered that one could generate images of the attacked buildings by taking a new-style $20 bill and folding it in the following manner:
When the bill is turned so that the point is at the bottom, an image of what looks like the smoking World Trade Center is visible. Flip the bill over, and an image of what looks like the smoking Pentagon is also visible. For additional fun: You just have folded a little 20$-"plane".
In reality, the "images" are portions of the picture of the White House, with the image of the smoke coming from the trees beside it. It startled many to see that such an amazing coincidence could come from a few simple folds, with a bill that was issued several years before the attacks took place. The folding process will not produce the images on an old-style $20 bill, but it will work with the new "colorful" type of twenty that contains the same picture of the White House.
Scambusters reported instances of email fundraising scams in the wake of the tragedy, and posted tips to help consumers ensure their donations reached the right agencies.
This claim formed part of a mostly false Al-Manar report which triggered many of the Zionist conspiracy theories regarding the September 11, 2001 attacks; it claimed that:
This claim was correct: Yossi Melman did indeed make a report to that effect in Haaretz on September 17, 2001[28], still available from Haaretz' site, and used the precise words "puzzling behavior" and "what was interpreted as cries of joy and mockery." It has been followed up on by several mainstream Western media groups, including ABC, some of which are listed at the Sunday Herald's website.
Various incidents have occurred since September 11, 2001, with no evidence to support a causal link to the terrorist attack. They include:
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