Second Punic War Background The War In Italia The War In Iberia

The Second Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome from 218 to 204 BC. It was the second of three major wars fought between the Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic, then still confined to the Italian Peninsula.

1 Background

After Carthage lost its holdings in Sicily to Rome in the First Punic War, Carthage moved to compensate for the loss by extending her territory in Hispania (the ancient Roman name for modern Spain and Portugal). This was begun by Hamilcar Barca, and continued by his son-in-law HasdrubalHasdrubal was the name of several Carthaginian generals, among whom the following are the most important: 1. The son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, who followed the latter in his campaign against the governing aristocracy at Carthage at the close of the First and then his son HannibalHannibal Barca ( 247 BC- 182 BC) was a military commander of ancient Carthage, best known for his achievements in the Second Punic War in marching an army from Spain over the Pyrenees and the Alps into northern Italy and defeating the Romans at the Battle, meaning "Beloved of Baal". According to Roman tradition, Hannibal had sworn hatred to Rome, and he certainly did not take a conciliatory attitude when the Romans berated him for crossing the river Iberus ( EbroThis article is about the Spanish river. For the city in Florida, see Ebro, Florida. The Ebro (Latin Iberus Spanish Ebro Catalan Ebre is one of the major rivers of Spain. Starts at Fontibre (province of Cantabria), passes Miranda de Ebro, Logrono, Saragos), which Carthage was, by treaty, required to stay south of. Asked to hand Hannibal over, Carthage refused and so Rome declared war on Carthage.

2 The war in Italia

Hannibal took a combined army of 40,000 North Africans and Iberians across southern FranceThe French Republic or France ( French: Republique francaise or France is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. and crossed the AlpsThe Alps is the collective name for one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria in the east, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany, through to France in the west. The highest mountain in the Alps is the Mon over the winter. His invasion of Italia (the ancient Roman name for ItalyThe Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Italia is a country in the south of Europe, consisting mainly of a boot-shaped peninsula together with two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea: Sicily and Sardinia. To the north, where it borders France, Switzer) came as a surprise to the Romans, for he had constructed no fleet, and it was believed his army could not possibly make it through the mountains. Indeed, it sustained very heavy casualties, including all but one of his 37 war elephantIndian war elephant, relief at Mathura, 2nd century BC War elephants were important, although not widespread, weapons in ancient military history. Their main use was in charges, to trample the enemy and/or break their ranks. War elephants were exclusivelys. Nevertheless, that spring he came into North Italia with a still-formidable force of 26,000 men. The Romans tried to attack him while he was still unready, but he defeated them in a skirmish at the river Ticinus, and then again at the Battle of Trebia, where both the Roman consuls were killed along with a quarter of their forces. The Romans then retreated, leaving Hannibal in command of Northern Italia. His support from the Gallic tribes and Italian cities was not what he had hoped for, and many Roman landholders burned their estates to prevent Hannibal's army from plundering them (indirectly later giving rise to the latifundia). Despite this resistance, Hannibal was able to strengthen his army to a force of 50,000 men.

The next year the Romans elected Gaius Flaminius consul in hopes that he could defeat Hannibal. Flaminius set up an ambush at Arretium. However, Hannibal was warned of the attack and so by-passed the army, allowing him a free march on Rome. Flaminius had to pursue him but the Roman forces were ambushed and utterly defeated at the Battle of Lake Trasimene. However Hannibal, despite the urgings of his generals, did not proceed to besiege Rome, as he lacked siege equipment and he had no supply base in central Italia. Instead he proceeded to the non-Italian south in hopes of stirring up rebellion.

Meanwhile the veteran Fabius Maximus had been appointed Roman dictator, and he decided that it would be best to avoid any further field battles. Instead, Fabius tried to cut off Hannibal's supplies by devastating the countryside and harassing his army. Such operations are now called Fabian tactics after him, and earned him the nickname of the Cunctator (delayer). Fabius' tactics were hated at Rome, and the following year he was replaced by two consuls who promised to end the war quickly. These consuls jointly fielded the largest Roman army ever, which met Hannibal at Cannae ( 216). The Romans outnumbered the Carthaginians 50,000 to at most 40,000, but by allowing his center to retreat Hannibal was able to encircle their forces, and completely annihilated them. It is said that less than a hundred Romans escaped.

The battle of Cannae led to some of the support Hannibal had hoped for. Over the next three years Capua, Syracuse, and Tarentum went over to his side. Philip V of Macedonia also allied with Hannibal in 217 BC, starting the First Macedonian War against Rome. However, Philip's fleet was not able to stand up to Rome's and he was never able to give any useful help. Meanwhile the Romans had re-elected Fabius Maximus as dictator and returned to his delaying tactics, dividing their army into small forces at vital locations, and avoiding Carthaginian attempts to draw them into field battles.

3 The war in Iberia

While all this was happening, the Romans had carried the war into Iberia. Over the years Rome had gradually expanded along the coast until in 211 BC it captured Saguntum. This prevented Hasdrubal from sending his brother any aid and also diverted Carthaginian reinforcements away from Italia. That same year Rome recaptured Capua and Syracuse, the second falling after what was now a two-year siege, made famous by the defense engines made by Archimedes, who was killed in the sack of the city. However, Hasdrubal was able to defeat the Romans in battle and the two Roman commanders, brothers named Publius and Gnaeus Scipio, were killed. Even so Hasdrubal did not feel confident enough to expel the Roman army after his other losses.

Next year the Romans sent out Publius Scipio's son and namesake, the future Scipio Africanus Major (though only 25 years old) with the authority of a consul even though he had not held any offices. Vowing to avenge his father and uncle, he proceeded directly to what was effectively the capital of Punic Iberia, Carthago Nova. It fell in 209 BC, and Hasdrubal was deprived of his main port. He then decided to aid Hannibal in Italia. He abandoned Iberia to some relatively weak garrisons and set out to repeat his brother's crossing of the Alps. It did not work. This time, the Romans anticipated the Carthaginian army's arrival, and had two legions waiting for it when it arrived. Hasdrubal was defeated and killed at the Battle of the Metaurus River ( 207). The first news Hannibal received that Hasdrubal had left Iberia came when his head was flung into his encampment by a Roman horseman.

The Carthaginian forces that remained in Iberia were defeated a few years later, at Ilipa ( 206), and Iberia became a Roman province. In that time Rome had recovered Tarentum, and thanks to continual attrition and lack of support Hannibal's army had been confined to the southernmost part of Italia. Macedonia had also withdrawn its support, feeling that the Carthaginian defeat was now only a matter of time.

4 The attack on Carthage

Scipio returned to Rome a great hero, and, although he was technically ineligible, ran and was elected consul in 205 BC. He resolved to end the war by attacking Carthage itself, and appealed directly to the centurial assembly when he found the senate opposed this. Thus he was given command of the two legions in Sicily, plus 7,000 volunteers he had recruited, and the next year brought the war to North Africa when he landed at Utica , about twenty miles away from Carthage. Here he was counting on support from the Numidians, who resented Carthaginian control and so agreed to provide him with cavalry. Hannibal was recalled from Italia, and had to leave the Iberian and Gallic contingents that made up about two-thirds of his army behind. After the loss of Capua he had begun to lose influence, but he was still able to break off peace talks, and Scipio met him at Zama in 202 BC. The infantry were evenly matched, and neither side was able to out-general the other. The issue was decided when the Numidian cavalry dispersed the Carthaginian horsemen and was able to attack from Hannibal's rear. For this victory Scipio became known as Scipio Africanus. Carthage immediately sued for peace.

5 Results

Iberia was lost to Carthage forever, and she was reduced to a client state. A war indemnity of 10,000 talents was imposed, her navy was limited to 10 ships to ward off pirates, and she was forbidden from raising an army without Rome's permission. Numidia took the opportunity to capture and plunder Carthaginian territory. Half a century later, when Carthage raised an army to defend itself from these incursions, it was destroyed by Rome in the Third Punic War.

Hannibal was one of the few survivors of the battle of Zama and escaped to the east, ending up at Antiochus' court in Syria. Whilst residing there, Hannibal again met Scipio, who asked him who he believed to be the greatest general of all time. Hannibal replied "Alexander the Greek". Scipio then asked him who was the second greatest general of all time; "Myself" replied Hannibal. Scipio then asked what would have happened if Hannibal had beaten him at the battle of Zama, to which he replied "Then I would be the greatest general of all time". Rome feared him until the day he died, which was probably unwarranted, but together with Philip's attack on Italia resulted in great suspicion of the Hellenistic kingdoms, leading to further wars and eventually their conquest

6 References

Hannibal's War by John Francis Lazenby,1978

Punic War, Second

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