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The Safavids are regarded as the greatest Persian dynasty since the Arab conquest of Iran some eight hundred years earlier. The Safavid kingdom was established in northern Iran in 1501 and grew to an Empire during the following hundred years.

At its Zenith, during the long reign of Shah Abbas I, the most eminent Safavid monarch, the Empire's realms comprised of present day Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia, parts of present Turkmenistan, Usbekistan , Afghanistan and Turkish AzerbaijanThe Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan or #x4D9;јҹ is a country in the Caucasus adjacent to the Caspian Sea that shares borders with Russia in the north, Georgia, Armenia, in the west and Iran in the south. The Nakhchivan Au. Fine Arts, poetryPoetry is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. It consists largely of oral or literary works in which language is used in a manner that is felt by its use and sciences flourished under Safavid patronage and the Safavid capitalThis article concerns places that serve as centers of government and politics. For alternative meanings see capital (disambiguation In politics a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has an alternative meanin IsfahanIsfahan or Esfahan can refer to either a city or a province in Iran: Isfahan (city) Isfahan (province) Isfahan (rugs). bears witness to the era's magnificent Architecture, to this day.

While the Safavids were of genuine, Persian ( Iranian) stock, they came to power in Azerbaijan, the Turkic northernmost Province of Iran, with the aid of a militia of Turkic soldiers (called Qizilbash, Turkish for "Red Heads" due to their red Headdress), recruited from Azerbaijan and Anatolia. The official language at the royal court was Azeri the Turkic idiom spoken in entire Azerbaijan (now partly held by Turkey and partly by Iran) until the present.

Safavid kings ruled over Iran (frequently called Persia in European languages) 1501- 1722, though puppet rulers nominally reigned until 1736. The dynasty was founded by the Sufi master Ismail Safavi, a descendant of Sheikh Safi Al-Din ( 1252- 1334) of Ardebil. Sheikh Safi was a disciple of the famed Sufi grand master Sheikh Zahed Gilani ( 1216 - 1301) of Lahijan . Spiritual Heir to Sheikh Zahed, Safi Al-Din transformed the inherited Zahediyeh Sufi Order into the Safaviyeh, which attained military and political power.

Over the almost 170 years following the death of Sheikh Safi Al-Din, his Sufi Order was to acquire a formidable army and established political force. His descendant, Shah Ismail I, the first native Persian ruler since the fall of the Sassanian Empire to the Arab onslaught, established his capital in Tabriz in 1501. Shah Ismail I embraced Shi'a Islam, which he made mandatory for the whole nation, upon the penalty of death. This ignited lengthy struggles with the neighbouring Sunni Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman Turks and Safavids fought over the fertile plains of Iraq for more than 150 years. After the capture of Baghdad by Ismail I, Suleiman I (called "The Magnificent") regained this city in 1534. After several campaigns, Safavids recaptured Baghdad in 1623 and lost it again to Murad IV in 1638, during which time a permanent border was established by treaties, which is still valid between present Turkey and Iran.

Gradually declining in the 17th and early 18th centuries, effective Safavid rule ended in 1722 after the execution of Shah Soltan Hosein by an Afghan rebel army led by Mir Mahmud , who opposed conversion from Sunni Islam to Shi'a Islam.

After an interregnum, Nadir Shah prevented the occupation of Iran by Ottoman and Russian armies. The empire finally collapsed after his assassination in 1747 and, subsequent to an interregnum by the Zand Dynasty, was to be replaced by the Qajar dynasty in 1794.