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1 Roman

The noun Roman means a citizen of Rome. The adjective Roman means pertaining or related to Rome. The name Romans in historical texts often refers to the three main epochs of ancient Rome:

• Roman Kingdom — 753 BC to 509 BC — there were seven traditional Kings of Rome before the establishment of the Roman Republic.

• Roman Republic — 509 BC to 44 BC — traditionally lasted as a representative government of Rome and its territories from 509 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, typically placed at 44 BC or 27 BC

• Roman Empire — 44 BC to AD 476 — conventionally used to describe the Roman state in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Caesar Augustus

• Byzantine Empire — "Eastern Roman Empire" 330 to 1453 — the eastern section of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople (modern Istanbul), which remained in existence after the fall of Rome in the 5th century.

• Holy Roman Empire — c. 900 to 1806 — political conglomeration of lands in western and central Europe in the Middle Ages.

• Epistle to the RomansThe Epistle to the Romans is one of the epistles, or letters, included in the New Testament canon of the Christian Bible. When it is clear that the Bible is being discussed, it is often referred to as simply "Romans". Romans is one of four letters ascribe — Book of the BibleThe Bible (From Greek βιβλια biblia meaning "books", which in turn is derived from βυβλος byblos meaning "papyrus", from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported papyrus) New TestamentThe New Testament sometimes called the Greek Scriptures is the name given to the part of the Christian Bible that was written after the birth of Jesus Christ. The term is a translation of the Latin Novum Testamentum which translates the Greek Η &Kappa — one of the epistles, or letters, included in the New Testament canon.

1.1 See also

Society

• Rome — is the capital city of Italy. It is located on the Tiber river, in the central part of the country near the Mediterranean Sea, at 41°50'N, 12°15'E. The Vatican City, located in an enclave within Rome, is the seat of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (see also under Roman Catholicism). Rome was the seat of the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
  • Roman Emperors — list of Roman Emperors with the dates they controlled the Roman Empire.
  • Roman hills — Seven hills of ancient Rome — east of the Tiber form the heart of Rome.
  • Roman law — the legal system of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, from its earliest days to the time of the Eastern Roman Empire, even to the time of the Emperor Justinian I after the fall of Rome itself.

Mythology

• Roman mythology — Rooted in Greek mythology. Roman poets borrowed from Greek models in the later part of the Republic, the Romans had no stories about their gods equivalent to the Titanomachy or the seduction of Zeus by Hera.

Military

• Roman legion — the basic military unit of ancient Rome. It consisted of about 5,000 to 6,000 (later 8000) infantry soldiers and several hundred cavalrymen.
• Roman Triumph — ceremony of the ancient Rome to publicly honor the military commander (Dux) of a notably successful foreign war or campaigns. Only men of senatorial or consular rank could perform a triumph and be a triumphator.

Language and numbers

• Latin language — language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium.
  • Roman alphabet (Latin alphabet) — the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans.
  • Roman numerals — numeral system originating in ancient Rome. It is based on certain letters which are given value.
  • Roman calendar — changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire.

Architecture

• Roman architecture — adopted external language of classical Greek architecture for Rome's own purposes, which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture.
  • Roman road — as a military, commercial, and political expedient, became adept at constructing long straight roads and were essential for the growth of their empire.
  • Roman Colosseum — originally known as the Flavian Amphitheater, is an amphitheater in Rome, capable of seating 45,000 spectators, which was once used for gladiatorial combat.
  • Roman villa — country houses, though suburban villas on the edge of cities were known), such as the late Republican villas that encroached on the Campus Martius then on the edge of Rome.

Britain

• Roman invasion of Britain — Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history.
  • Roman Britain — term applied to the historical period when Britain was under Roman rule, usually considered AD 44 to 410.
  • Romano-British — Romanised culture of Britain under the rule of the Roman Empire, when Roman and Christian culture had extensively entered into the life of the native Celtic-speaking peoples of Britain.
  • Roman sites in the United Kingdom — any Roman site open to the public.
  • List of Roman place names in Britain — also includes Ireland, Faeroe Islands and Iceland.