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The Revillagigedo Islands consist of four volcanic islands: Socorro, Clarión, San Benedicto and Roca Partida. Socorro is the largest island, with an area of 132 km², and its volcanic peak, Mount Evermann, reaches 1130 m in elevation.
No evidence of human habitation on the Revillagigedo Islands exists before its discovery by Spanish explorers. Hernando de Grijalva and his crew discovered an uninhabited island (Socorro) on December 21 1533 and named it "Santo Tomé". Four days later he discovered San Benedicto, which he named "Inocentes"
In 1542, Ruy González de Villalobos, while exploring new routes across the Pacific, rediscovered "Inocentes" and changed its name to "Anublada" (the island in the midst). In 1608, Martín Yañez de Armida, in charge of another expedition, visited "Santo Tomé" and changed its name to "Socorro". The other two islands were discovered in 1779 by José Camacho. He named the small rocky islet in the middle of the Archipelago "Roca Partida", and the westernmost island (Clarion) "Santa Rosa".
The Revillagigedo Islands have been visited by a number of other explorers: Domingo del Castillo (1541), Miguel Pinto (1772), Alexander von Humboldt (1811), Benjamín Norell (1825), Sir Edward Belcher (1839) who made the first botanical collections, and Reeve (1848) who witnessed the eruption of Mount Evermann. In 1865, the island was explored by ornithologist Andrew Jackson Grayson, who described the Socorro Dove and Socorro Elf Owl.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, director of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, California, promoted the scientific exploration of the islands. The most comprehensive biological collections were obtained at this time. The volcano on Isla Socorro was renamed in his honor.
In 1957 the Mexican Navy established a naval base on Socorro, and have had a permanent presence on the island since then.
The Revillagigedo Islands are home to many endemic plant and animal species, and are sometimes called Mexico's "little Galapagos". They are recognized as a distinct terrestrial ecoregionEcoregions are defined by the World Wildlife Fund as "relatively large units of land or water containing a distinct assemblage of natural communities and species, with boundaries that approximate the original extent of natural communities prior to major l, part of the NeotropicThe Neotropic ecozone is a terrestrial ecoregion which includes South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. It has distinct fauna and flora from the Nearctic because its long separation from the northern continent. This ecozone includes South and C ecozoneEcozone is a classification system of the world first proposed by Miklos Udvardy under the name biogeographical realms for conservation purposes. It defines 8 biogeographical realms with unifying features of geography, fauna and flora. Nearctic 22. km² (i. Socorro is the most diverse in flora, fauna, and topography. The Mexican Government established the islands as a Biosphere Reserve on June 4, 1994.
The unique ecology of the islands is under threat from exotic species. Sheep were introduced to Socorro in 1869. Several endemic species are now threatened with extinction. The Socorro MockingbirdSocorro Mockingbird : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Mimidae Mimodes graysoni Binomial name Mimodes graysoni Lawrence, 1871 The Socorro Mockingbird Mimodes graysoni is an endangered mockingbird endemic to Socorro in the Revillagigedo Islands, (Mimodes graysoni) numbers less than 400 individuals. The endemic Socorro Parakeet , (Aratinga brevipes), the Socorro subspecies of the Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi graysoni), and Townsend's Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis), are also endangered. The Socorro Dove (Zenaida graysoni) is now extinct in the wild, but is being bred in captivity.
Several organizations are dedicated to halting the destruction of the native ecosystems of the islands. Dr. Harmunt Walter of the University of California, Los AngelesThe University of California, Los Angeles popularly known as UCLA is a public, coeducational university situated in the neighborhood of Westwood within the City of Los Angeles. It is the second-oldest campus of the University of California as well as the (UCLA) and Dr. Luis F. Baptista of the California Academy of Sciences have coordinated breeding and reintroduction efforts for the Socorro Dove since 1988, through the Island Endemics Institute. The Comite Cientifico para la Conservacion y Restauracion del Archipielago Revillagigedo (Scientific Committee for the Conservation and Restoration of the Revillagigedo Islands) was founded in 1996, and is a committee representing several organizations, including the Island Conservation & Ecology Group, Island Endemics Institute, the University of Missouri - St. LouisThe University of Missouri-St. Louis commonly known by its acronym UMSL (pronounced "uhm-suhl"), is an institution of higher learning located in Saint Louis, Missouri. Established in 1963, it is the youngest of the four campuses of the University of Misso (UMSL), the National Autonomous University of MexicoThe National Autonomous University of Mexico ( Spanish: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico abbreviation: UNAM was founded in 1552, and is now the largest university in Latin America. It is a napoleonic University, i. it consists of schools, rather th (UNAM) and others. It is chaired by Dr. Walter and Dr. Luis Medrano of UNAM is its secretary. The committee has been advocating removal of the exotic species from the islands, especially the estimated 2000 sheep on Socorro, to allow the islands' ecology to recover, and adoption of a management plan to promote the recovery of the islands' native species, including reintroduction of the Socorro Dove.