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As a byproduct of refining gasoline and diesel fuel, it is the cheapest liquid fuel available. However the emission of carbon dioxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides during combustion is much greater. Hence it pollutes more than distillate or gaseous fuels (but less than solid fuels such as coal).

In the mid twentieth century, heavy fuel oil was commonly used to power industrial boilers, railroad locomotives and steamships. It was gradually used to generate electricity, supplying 16.8 percent of electricity generation in the United States by 1973Events January events January 1 United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community now known as the European Union January 3 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led. Reliance on heavy fuel oil was reduced as oil prices rose in the 1970s and by 1983Events January January 1 Beat Raaflaub became Basel Boys Choir's new conductor January 1 the ARPANET officially changes to use the Internet Protocol, creating the Internet. January 1 compulsory wearing of seat belts becomes law in the UK. January 2 The mu it accounted for just 6.2 percent of the electricity generated.