Reconstruction Laws And Legislation Culture Clashes

Much of the impetus for Reconstruction involved the question of civil rights for the freed slaves in the southern states. In response to efforts by southern states to deny civil rights to the freed slaves, Congress enacted a civil rights act in 1866 (and again in 1875). This led to conflict with President Andrew Johnson, who vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866; however, his veto was overridden.

After solid Republican gains in the midterm elections, the first Reconstruction Act was passed on March 2, 1867; the last on March 11March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). There are 295 days remaining. Events 1513 Leo X is elected pope. 1649 The Frondeurs (rebels) and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil. 1702 The first regular Engl, 1868Events January 3 Meiji Emperor declares " Meiji Restoration", his own restoration to full power, against the supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate. January 10 Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares emperor's declaration "illegal" and attacks Kyoto. Pro-Emperor. The first Reconstruction Act divided ten Confederate states (all except TennesseeTennessee ( In Detail) (Full size) State nickname: Volunteer State Other U. States Capital Nashville Largest City Memphis Governor Phil Bredesen Area Total Land Water % water Ranked 36th 109,247 km² 106,846 km² 2,400 km² 2. 2% Population Total ( 2000) Den, which had been readmitted on July 24July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 160 days remaining. Events 1567 Mary Queen of Scots is deposed. 1701 Detroit, Michigan founded. 1814 War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward Niagara to h, 1866) into five military districts.

2 Culture clashes

During the period of Reconstruction there was considerable upheaval in Southern society. Northerners, known as carpetbaggers, moved south to participate in southern governments. Republicans assumed control of all state governments and began to pass numerous civil rights laws legalizing interracial marriage and ensuring black schools, and a variety of other ambitious proposals. In many cases former slaves were given very prominent ranks in the government, usually as state senators or state legislators. There were also numerous black judges, mayors, sheriffs, and deputy governors installed. LouisianaLouisiana is a southern state of the United States of America. It uses the U. postal abbreviation LA . The state is bordered to the west by the state of Texas, to the north by Arkansas, to the east by the state of Mississippi, and to the south by the Gulf even had a black governor for a brief period. Most political "firsts" for African Americans occurred during this period.

The rapid rise of the black population caused considerable racial tension. WhiteWhites is a broad term used to describe people of ethnic European descent, especially those with fair skin. The term Caucasian is sometimes used with much the same meaning in the USA. It is often used in contrast with other racial color terms, such as bla southerners who joined the Republican party were derisivelyAn insult is a statement or action which affronts or demeans someone. An insult may be intentional or accidental. An example of the latter is a well-intended simple explanation, which in fact is superfluous, but is given due to underestimating intelligenc called scalawags. Disgruntled Southerners denounced what they called the "black mob rule" and formed violent organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. The Republicans attempted to assist newly freed slaves by the establishment of the Freedman's Bureau.

Another consequence of Reconstruction was that a significant number of white Southerners migrated to the neighboring border states to escape the effects of the occupation; this caused white Southern culture to implant and flourish in these states, especially in Kentucky. Many also moved to Tennessee as the latter state did not experience Reconstruction despite having seceded.

3 The constitutional amendments

Three constitutional amendments were passed in the wake of the Civil War: the Thirteenth, which abolished slavery; the Fourteenth, which granted civil rights to African Americans; and the Fifteenth, which granted the right to vote. The fourteenth amendment was opposed by the southern states, and as a precondition of readmission to the Union, they were required to accept it (or the fifteenth after passage of the fourteenth). All Southern states were readmitted by 1870 ( Georgia was the last on July 15), and all but 500 Confederate sympathizers were pardoned when President Ulysses S. Grant signed the Amnesty Act on May 22, 1872. However, Reconstruction continued until 1877, when the contentious Presidential election was decided in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes, supported by Northern states, over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden. Some historians have argued that the election was handed to Hayes in exchange for an end to Reconstruction; this theory characterizes the settlement of that election as the "Compromise of 1877." Not all historians agree with this theory; in any case, regardless of the circumstances, Reconstruction came to an end at this time.

4 Military reconstruction

First Military District : Virginia, under Gen. John Schofield

Second Military District: The Carolinas, under Gen. Daniel Sickles

Third Military District : Georgia, Alabama and Florida, under Gen. John Pope

Fourth Military District : Arkansas and Mississippi, under Gen. Edward Ord

Fifth Military District: Texas and Louisiana, under Gen. Philip Sheridan and several others.

Tens of thousands of U.S. military personnel were stationed in the U.S. Southern states to oversee the process of Reconstruction.

Governments that had been established under Abraham Lincoln's plan were abolished; the first Reconstruction Act stated that "no legal State governments or adequate protection for life or property now exist in the rebel States".

5 The failure of Reconstruction

The end of Reconstruction essentially signaled the end of civil rights for African Americans; as the years passed after the end of the war, the North lost interest in continuing to pursue the matter and instead turned its attention towards other concerns.

The South was allowed to establish a segregated society in return for accepting its integration into the Union, and the initial flurry of civil rights measures were eroded over time. The South also swayed Congress to pass the Posse Comitatus Act, which prohibited federal military authorities from exercising localized civilian police powers. In the aftermath of Reconstruction, much of the civil rights legislation was later overturned by the United States Supreme Court. Most notably, the court suggested in the " Slaughterhouse Case" 83 US 36 ( 1873), then held in the Civil Rights Cases 109 US 3 ( 1883), that the Fourteenth Amendment only gave Congress the power to outlaw public, rather than private discrimination. Plessy v. Ferguson 163 US 537 ( 1896) went even further, providing that state-mandated segregation was legal as long as the statute or ordinance provided for " separate but equal" facilities.

The Supreme Court maintained " separate but equal" for many years until finally accepting that it was not in fact equal and abandoned it, reversing Plessy in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 347 US 483 ( 1954). It was not until 1964 that the federal government made a concerted attack on the system of private racial discrimination that had become entrenched in the shadow of state Jim Crow laws when it passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination in "public accommodations," i.e., restaurants, hotels and businesses open to the public, as well as in private schools and workplaces.

6 Significant dates

State	Seceded	Admitted C.S.	Readmitted U.S.	Local Control Reestablished
South Carolina	December 20, 1860	February 4, 1861	July 9, 1868	November 28, 1876
Mississippi	January 9, 1861	February 4, 1861	February 23, 1870	January 4, 1876
Florida	January 10,1861	February 4, 1861	June 25, 1868	January 2, 1877
Alabama	January 11, 1861	February 4, 1861	July 14, 1868	November 16, 1874
Georgia	January 19, 1861	February 4, 1861	July 15, 1870	November 1, 1871
Louisiana	January 26, 1861	February 4, 1861	June 25 or July 9, 1868	January 2, 1877
Texas	February 1, 1861	March 2, 1861	March 30, 1870	January 14, 1873
Virginia	April 17, 1861	May 7, 1861	January 26, 1870	October 5, 1869
Arkansas	May 6, 1861	May 18, 1861	June 22, 1868	November 10, 1874
Tennessee	May 6, 1861	May 16, 1861	July 24, 1866	October 4, 1869
North Carolina	May 21, 1861	May 16, 1861	July 4, 1868	November 28, 1876

7 Reference

This article incorporates public domain text from Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860, by James Blaine.

8 External links

Wikibooks: Reconstruction (1865-1877)
Reconstruction Act March 2, 1867
Reconstruction Act March 23, 1867
Reconstruction Act July 19, 1867
Reconstruction Act March 11, 1868
"Reconstructing the Poetry of John Willis Menard" by Gilbert Wesley Purdy. Book review/essay with considerable historical information about the Reconstruction South.
Explore an in-depth timeline of Reconstruction

* African-American history

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1 Laws and legislation