1 Early life and career

Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois, the second of two sons to John (Jack) Reagan and Nellie Wilson. His great-grandfather had immigrated to the United States from Ballyporeen, Co. Tipperary, Ireland in the 1860s. Prior to his grandfather's emigration, the family name had been spelled "Regan." On a visit to Ballyporeen in 1984, he was presented with a family tree that showed he was distantly related to both John F. Kennedy and Queen Elizabeth II.[1] Such a ceremonial genealogy would necessarily contain much guesswork, as his ancestry beyond four generations is not known with certainty.

In 1920, after years of moving from town to town, the family settled in the Illinois town of Dixon. In 1921, at the age of 10, Reagan was baptized in his mother's Disciples of Christ church in Dixon, and in 1924 he began attending Dixon's Northside High School.

In 1926, at age 15, Reagan took a summer job as a lifeguard in Lowell Park, two miles away from Dixon on the nearby Rock River. He continued to work as a lifeguard on the Rock for the next seven years, reportedly saving 77 people from drowning. Reagan would later joke that none of them ever thanked him.

In 1928, Reagan entered Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois majoring in economics and sociology, graduating in 1932. He earned excellent grades and made many lasting friendships. The child of an alcoholic father, Reagan developed an early gift for storytelling and acting. He was a radio announcer of Chicago Cubs baseball games, getting only the bare outlines of the game from a ticker and relying on his imagination and storytelling gifts to flesh out the game. Once in 1934, during the ninth inning of a Cubs- St. Louis Cardinals game, the wire went dead. Reagan smoothly improvised a fictional play-by-play (in which hitters on both teams gained an ability to foul off pitches) until the wire was restored.

1.1 Hollywood

Reagan had a successful career in Hollywood as a second-rank leading man, aided by his clear voice and athletic physique. His first screen credit was the starring role the 1937 movie Love is On the Air . An agent signed him to his first contract after saying "I have another Robert Taylor sitting in my office". By the end of 1939, he had appeared in 19 films. In 1940 he played the role of George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All American, from which he acquired the nickname the Gipper, which he retained the rest of his life. Reagan himself considered that his best acting work was in Kings Row ( 1942). He played the part of a young man whose legs are amputated. He used a line he spoke in this film "Where's the rest of me?" as the title for his autobiography. Other notable Reagan films include Hellcats of the Navy, This Is the Army, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan was kidded widely about the last named film because his co-star was a chimp. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6374 Hollywood Blvd.

Reagan was commissioned as a reserve cavalry officer in the U.S. Army in 1935. After the attack on Pearl Harbor he was activated and assigned, partially due to his poor eyesight, to the First Motion Picture Unit in the United States Army Air Force, which made training and education films. He remained in Hollywood for the duration of the war. He attained the rank of captain. Reagan tried repeatedly to go overseas for combat duty but was turned down because of his astigmatism. He always remained very proud of his military background.

Reagan married actress Jane Wyman in 1940. They had a daughter, Maureen in 1941, adopted a son Michael in 1946, and had a daughter born four months prematurely in 1947 who lived but one day. They divorced in 1948 (Reagan was the first President to have been divorced). Reagan remarried in 1952 to actress Nancy Davis at a time when she may have already become pregnant. (Their marriage was on March 4; daughter Patti was born on October 21 of the same year.) In 1958 they had a second child, Ron. Reagan was a loving devoted husband according to all accounts. One of the most touching speeches he ever made as President was a tribute to his wife. He spoke of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and how Eleanor had been his "legs" during his term. He said "I want you to know that Nancy Reagan is my everything...thank you partner thank you for everything...by the way are you doing anything tonight?"

As Reagan's film roles became fewer in the late 1950s, he moved into television as a host and frequent performer for General Electric Theater. Reagan appeared in many live television plays and often co-starred with Nancy. Reagan – then not just the talent agency's client but boss Lew Wasserman's first million-dollar client – became head of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG). Back in 1952, a Hollywood scandal concerned his granting of a SAG blanket waiver to MCA, which allowed it to both represent and employ talent for its burgeoning TV franchises. He went from host and program supervisor of General Electric Theater to actually producing and claiming an equity stake in the TV show itself. At one point in the late 1950s, Reagan was earning approximately $125,000 per year—equivalent to at least $600,000 in 2004 dollars. Before that, Ronald Reagan had been working Las Vegas, Nevada as a song-and-dance act's master of ceremonies. Dennis McDougal , author of the unauthorized Wasserman biography The Last Mogul: Lew Wasserman, MCA, and the Hidden History of Hollywood commented that "He and his board engineered it, thus giving MCA carte blanche control over US television for the next six years." McDougal goes on to say that Reagan didn't recall his role in the waiver when he was before US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy's grand jury in 1962. It was in 1945 that Wasserman brokered Ronald Reagan's unprecedented seven-year, $1 million deal with Warner Brothers. His final regular acting job was as host and performer on Death Valley Days. Reagan's final big-screen appearance came in the 1964 film The Killers , in which, uncharacteristically, he played a mob chieftan. This film was a remake of an earlier 1946 version from a short story by Ernest Hemingway. Reagan's co-stars were John Casavettes and Lee Marvin. At one point, he belts Angie Dickinson across a room. Angie Dickinson and Reagan were good friends in real life and she said he would always apologize for this!

2 Early political career

Ronald Reagan began his political life as a Democrat, supporting Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his New Deal. He gradually became a staunch social and fiscal conservative. He embarked upon the path that led him to a career in politics during his tenure as president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) from 1947 until 1952, and then again from 1959 to 1960. In this position he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee on Communist influence in Hollywood. He also kept tabs on actors he considered "disloyal" and informed on them to the FBI under the code name "Agent T-10," but he would not implicate them publicly to HUAC. He supported the practice of blacklisting in Hollywood, defending it in a letter to Hugh Hefner because he claimed he would help anyone wrongly accused "avail himself of machinery to solve this problem." In that letter he claimed that the list of suspected leftists in Hollywood was not a "blacklist" but rather a list created by disgruntled moviegoers.

His employment by the General Electric company further enhanced his political image. By the 1964 election, Reagan was an outspoken supporter of conservative Republican Barry Goldwater. His nationally televised speech " A Time for Choosing" electrified conservatives and led to his being asked to run for Governor of California. To this day, this speech is considered one of the most stirring ever made on behalf of a candidate.

3 Governorship

In 1966, he was elected the 33rd Governor of California, defeating two-term incumbent Pat Brown; he was re-elected in 1970, defeating Jesse Unruh, but chose not to seek a third term. He had vowed to send "the welfare bums back to work," and "to clean up the mess at Berkeley." For the latter, he had UC President Clark Kerr fired and forced the University of California to charge tuition for the first time by cutting its budget. During the People's Park protests, he sent 2,200 National Guard troops into Berkeley. Reagan made it clear that the policies of his administration would not be influenced by the student agitators nor their actions tolerated, even "if it takes a bloodbath". When the kidnappers of Patty Hearst demanded the distribution of food to the poor, Reagan suggested it would be a good time for an outbreak of botulism.

During his first term, he froze government hiring, but also approved tax hikes to balance the budget. One of Reagan's greatest frustrations in office concerned the death penalty. He had gone on record as a strong supporter. In 1967, Aaron Mitchell , a young African-American man, was executed in California's gas chamber for the murder of a police officer. Reagan had refused to stop the execution. However, his efforts to enforce the state's death penalty codes were thwarted when the Supreme Court abolished the death penalty in 1972.

During his governorship, Reagan actively dismantled the public psychiatric hospital system, proposing that a community-based housing and treatment system replace it. According to some Reagan critics, the first objective was effectively accomplished, but the community replacement facilities were never adequately funded, either by Reagan or by his successors, contributing nationwide to current problems with homeless people, and an overfilling of jails and penitentiaries by people who would be better served with the earlier hospital system. Many of these ill people still are on the street. Also, a statewide teachers strike started in Los Angeles due to Reagan's cost cutting and poor budgeting at the same time.

4 Presidential nomination

Reagan tried to gain the Republican presidential nomination in 1968, and again in 1976 over the incumbent Gerald Ford, but was defeated at the Republican Convention. He succeeded in gaining the Republican nomination in 1980. The campaign, led by William J. Casey, was greatly affected by the Iran hostage crisis; most analysts believe President Jimmy Carter's inability to solve the hostage crisis played a large role to Reagan's victory against him in the 1980 election. Reagan's showing in the Presidential debates boosted his campaign. He seemed more at ease, almost making fun of the President with remarks like "There you go again", though these did not need to be factual rebuttals to be effective. Perhaps his most influential remark was a closing question to the audience, during a time of skyrocketing global oil prices and highly unpopular Federal Reserve interest rate hikes, "Are you better off than you were four years ago?" Reagan's victory was accompanied by an 11-seat change in the Senate from Democratic to Republican hands, giving the Republicans a majority in the Senate for the first time in decades. Upon his election, Reagan became the oldest president to enter office, at almost 70 years of age. (69 years, 349 days)

In the 1984 presidential election, he was re-elected in a landslide over Carter's Vice President Walter Mondale, winning 49 of 50 states and receiving nearly 60 percent of the popular vote. Despite a weak performance in the first debate, Reagan recovered in the second debate and was considerably ahead of Mondale in polls taken throughout much of the race. The day before the election, Mondale made a speech that is believed to have put the last nail in his political coffin. In it he remarked "Reagan will raise taxes, I will raise taxes. Reagan won't tell you this, I just did." Much of Reagan's first election and this second term landslide is attributed to the then-named " Reagan Democrats", a newly emerged but mostly unorganized political force.

5 Presidency

Main article: Reagan Administration

5.1 Domestic record

Ronald Reagan portrayed himself as being conservative, anti-communist and expanding the military to those ends, in favor of tax cuts and smaller government. Reagan also liked to think of himself and was thought of by many others, as being supportive of business interests and tough on crime.

Reagan's first official act upon taking the presidency was to remove the solar water heating panels [2] on the roof of the White House which had been placed there in the Carter administration; thus marking a sharp change from the previous administration's perceived greater environmental awareness. Perhaps the high point of the Reagan presidency's first 100 days was the freeing of American hostages in Tehran at the conclusion of the Iran Hostage Crisis, within minutes of his inauguration. While leaving the Hilton Hotel in Washington, DC on March 30, 1981, Reagan, his Press Secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy, and District of Columbia police officer Thomas Delanty were shot by John Hinckley, Jr.. Many superstitions apply this to the "zero factor" (See William Henry Harrison). However Reagan became the first President to be shot in an assassination attempt while in office and survive. It is also believed that Reagan broke the chain by living to see the end of two terms. Reagan turned what could have been a low point in his first 100 days into another high point by remarking to his surgeons, "I hope you're all Republicans," Reagan also said that he forgave Hinckley and hoped he asked God's forgiveness as well. [3] and to his wife Nancy, "Honey, I forgot to duck."

A large focus of Reagan's first term was on reviving a stagflation-troubled economy his administration inherited. His administration sought to fight the high inflation recession with large across-the-board tax cuts controversially combined with reductions in social welfare spending. Reagan's fiscal theories soon became known as " Reaganomics." The end result was that public spending as a percentage of the national income, steadily growing in the pre-Reagan era, now folded to a steady level it has fluctuated around ever since[4]. Also, in order to get increases in military spending to fight the Cold War, the administration had to allow increases in spending on social programs, resulting in record deficit spending and a tripling of the national debt by the end of his second term. Proponents often note, that Reagan used his veto on public spending projects 78 times in all.

The " war on drugs" was also declared during his presidency as well as the signing of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which compensated victims of the Japanese American Internment during World War II. Reagan also fired air traffic controllers when they went on strike. He was also criticized by the gay rights movement for not responding quickly enough to the HIV- AIDS epidemic but did eventually appoint the Watkins Commission to study the issue. It recommended an unprecedented increase in funding for research, which the administration wouldn't accommodate. However, Reagan did increase their funding substantially through his years in office.

5.2 Foreign policy and interventions

Reagan forcefully confronted the Soviet Union, marking a sharp departure from the détente observed by his predecessors Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter. Sensing that planned economies could not compete against market economies in a renewed arms race, he made the Cold War economically and rhetorically hot. The administration oversaw a massive military buildup that represented a policy of "Peace Through Strength." Many Reagan supporters credit Reagan administration military polices with winning the Cold War. Others argued, however, that the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union was due more to internal separatist problems and the depressed global price of crude oil, on which the Soviet economy during those years depended heavily.

President Reagan and Margaret Thatcher in Camp David. Among European leaders, his main ally and undoubtedly his closest friend was the Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who always supported Reagan's policies of deterrence against the Soviets.

Reagan, left, in one-on-one discussions with Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR from 1985 to 1991. Although the administration negotiated arms reduction treaties such as the INF Treaty and START Treaty with the USSR it also aimed to increase strategic defense. A controversial proposal, named the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), sought to deploy a space-based defense system Reagan hoped would make the U.S. invulnerable to nuclear weapon missile attack. Critics dubbed the proposal "Star Wars" and argued that SDI was unrealistic and would likely inflame the Arms Race. Supporters responded that even the threat of SDI forced the Soviets into unsustainable spending to keep up.

Support for anti-communist groups including armed insurgencies against what Reagan considered to be communist governments was also a part of administration policy as the Reagan Doctrine. Following this policy, the administration funded " freedom fighters" such as the mujahideen in Afghanistan (calling them "an inspiration to those who love freedom"), the Contras in Nicaragua (whom he considered the "moral equivalent of our founding fathers", despite their killing of thousands of civilians), and Jonas Savimbi's rebel forces in Angola. The administration also helped fund central European anti-communist groups such as the Polish Solidarity movement and took a hard line against the Communist regime in Cambodia. Covert funding of the Contras in Nicaragua would lead to the Iran Contra Affair while overt support led to a World Court ruling against the United States in Nicaragua v. United States.

At the same time the administration considered paramilitary groups resisting Israeli occupations, such as Hezbollah guerrillas in Lebanon, Palestinian guerrillas in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and left-wing guerrillas fighting US-backed right-wing military dictatorships in Honduras and El Salvador to be terrorists. The Reagan administration also considered guerrillas of the ANC's armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK or Spear of the Nation) and other anti-apartheid militants (e.g. the PAC) fighting the apartheid government in South Africa to be terrorists. These same groups were and still are in many places, considered to be freedom fighters just as Reagan's freedom fighters were often considered terrorists (especially the Contras).

U.S. involvement in Lebanon followed a limited term United Nations mandate for a Multinational Force. A force of 800 U.S. Marines was sent to Beirut to evacuate PLO forces. The September 16, 1982 massacre of hundreds of Palestinian civilians in Beirut (see Sabra and Shatila Massacre) prompted Reagan to form a new multinational force. Intense administration diplomatic efforts resulted in a peace agreement between Lebanon and Israel. U.S. forces were withdrawn shortly after the October 23, 1983 bombing of a barracks in which 241 Marines were killed. Reagan called this day the saddest day of his life and of his presidency.

A communist coup on the small island nation of Grenada in 1983 led the administration to develop an invasion plan to restore the former government. The resulting Operation Urgent Fury was successful.

Initially neutral, the administration increasingly became involved in the Iran-Iraq War. At various times the administration supported both nations but mainly sided with Iraq, believing that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was less dangerous than Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini. The American fear was that an Iranian victory would embolden Islamic fundamentalists in other Arab states, perhaps leading to the overthrow of secular governments in Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Kuwait. After initial Iraqi military victories were reversed and an Iranian victory appeared possible in 1982, the American government initiated Operation Staunch to attempt to cut off the Iranian regime's access to weapons (notwithstanding their later shipment of weapons to Iran in the Iran-Contra Affair). The United States also provided intelligence information and weapons to the Iraqi military, although most Iraqi weaponry was supplied by Germany, Britain and the USSR. The Administration also did not act to prevent the supply of some biological and "dual use" materials to Iraq by American companies, which Iraq claimed were required for medical research.

Concurrent with the support of Iraq, the Administration also engaged in covert arms sales to Iran in order to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua. The resulting Iran-Contra Affair became a scandal. Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence and quickly called for an Independent Counsel to investigate the scandal. The President was eventually found to be culpable of lax control over his own staff. A significant number of officials in the Reagan Administration were either convicted or forced to resign as a result of the scandal.

5.3 "The Great Communicator"

Speaking in front of the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987 Ronald Reagan challenged reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall."

Reagan was dubbed "The Great Communicator" for his ability to express ideas and emotions in an almost personal manner, even when making a formal address. He honed these skills as an actor, live television and radio host, and politician, and as president hired skilled speechwriters who could capture his folksy charm.

Reagan's style varied. Especially in his first term, he used strong, even bombastic language to condemn the Soviet Union and communism. But he could also evoke lofty ideals and a vision of the United States as a defender of liberty. His October 27, 1964 speech entitled "A Time for Choosing" ([5]) introduced the phrase "rendezvous with destiny" to popular culture. Other speeches recalled America as the "shining city on a hill", "big-hearted, idealistic, daring, decent, and fair" ([6]), whose citizens had the "right to dream heroic dreams" ([7]). After the 1986 Challenger accident, he quoted John Gillespie Magee, Jr.'s poem, High Flight, to console the nation: "We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved good-bye and 'slipped the surly bonds of earth' to 'touch the face of God.'" ([8])

It was perhaps Reagan's humor, especially his one-liners, that disarmed his opponents and endeared himself to audiences the most. Discussion of his advanced age led him to quip in his first debate against Walter Mondale during the 1984 campaign, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." On his career he joked "Politics is not a bad profession. If you succeed there are many rewards, if you disgrace yourself you can always write a book."

Both opponents and supporters noted his "sunny optimism," which was welcomed by many in comparison to his often smiling, but somewhat dour and serious, immediate Presidential predecessor. His style of relating to others had often been described as avuncular – in the demeanor of an uncle, one not responsible for discipline but who can provide well-meaning guidance.

5.4 "The Great Prevaricator"

A frequent objection by his exasperated detractors, however, was that his personal charm also permitted him to say nearly anything, however wildly untrue, and yet prevail — a particularly devastating advantage in election debates and press conferences that earned him the nickname "the Teflon president" (i.e., to whom nothing sticks). For example, Reagan reversed his position on the 1980 Olympic boycott no fewer than five, distinct times, on the fifth reversal claiming he had never changed his position. His denial of awareness of the Iran-Contra illegalities was belied by quotations in now-archived notes by his defense secretary, Caspar Weinberger, that he (Reagan) could survive violating the law or Constitution but not the negative public image that "big, strong Ronald Reagan passed up a chance to get the hostages free."

6 Legacy and retirement from public life

In 1989, after the inauguration of George H. W. Bush as president, Ronald Reagan returned to California, to write his autobiography, to riding his horses and chopping wood on his ranch, and to a new house in Bel-Air. In fall, Fujisankei Communications Group of Japan hired him to make two speeches and attend some ceremonies. Reagan's weekly fee was about two million dollars, more than he had earned during eight years as president.

In 1994, Reagan was officially diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed the his mental capacity, forcing him to live his post-presidency in quiet isolation. He informed the nation of his condition on November 5, 1994 in the form of a personal letter. However, Reagan still displayed his trademark optimism. He said "I am now starting the journey that will take me into the sunset of my life, but I know for America there will always be a brighter day ahead... I only wish I could spare my dear Nancy the pain of this terrible ordeal but sadly I cannot... thank you for letting me serve as your President... good luck my friends may God always bless you". An anecdote told of this time is of his removing a ceramic model of the White House from a friend's aquarium; he reportedly said, "I know this is important, but I don't know why." His health was further destabilized by a fall in 2001, which shattered part of his hip and rendered him virtually immobile. By 2004 Reagan had begun to enter the final stage of Alzheimer's. It is frequently reported that Secret Service agents had to inform Reagan every morning that he was once the president. Five presidents and first ladies attended the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994, in Nixon's hometown of Yorba Linda, California. From left: Bill and Hillary Clinton, George H.W. and Barbara Bush, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, Gerald and Betty Ford. On February 6, 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan National Airport by a bill signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Three years later, on March 4, 2001, the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) was christened by the Navy. It was commissioned on July 12, 2003, making it the newest Nimitz-class nuclear aircraft carrier. It is one of few ships christened in honor of a living person and the first to be named in honor of a living former president.

7 Death, Funeral, and Tributes Afterward

Reagan died at his home in Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California on June 5, 2004 at 1:00 p.m. Pacific time. He died of pneumonia, surrounded by his wife Nancy and their children Patti and Ron. He is survived also by his son Michael, from his first marriage to Wyman; his daughter Maureen preceded him in death in 2001.

The news of Reagan's passing reached Washington just before 5:00 p.m. Eastern time. Because of the time difference, Europe learned the news at a late hour, meaning that the very first country there could be reaction from was Canada, since it was just before 5:00 p.m. in Ottawa when the news was received there, which meant that Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin, who, like President George W. Bush, was in France for the 60th anniversary of D-Day, was the first world leader to pay tribute to President Reagan. Three other Canadian leaders joined Martin in voicing tribute: former prime minister Brian Mulroney, a very close friend of the Reagans, Opposition Leader Stephen Harper, who like Mulroney, is a Conservative, and NDP Leader Jack Layton.

Reagan was given a full presidential state funeral on June 9, the first since Lyndon Johnson in 1973, drawing many parallels. Vice President Dick Cheney, who along with Senate President Pro Tempore Ted Stevens and House Speaker Dennis Hastert, gave the eulogies, presided over the state funeral because President Bush was in Sea Island, Georgia, hosting the G-8 Summit. The final services in honor of Reagan on June 11, like those in honor of Johnson on January 25, 1973, spanned the country in one day. With 4,000 people in attendance, Reagan's national service at the National Cathedral included eulogies by former British Prime Minister Lady Thatcher, Mulroney, former president George H. W. Bush, who turned 80 the following day, and Bush. Numerous other past and present world leaders attended the service, including former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and Britain's Prince of Wales, both of whom, along with Mulroney, his wife, Mila, and Thatcher, led the dignitaries in paying tribute to Reagan. In all, 218 foreign dignitaries from 165 nations attended the service, making it one of the largest gatherings of foreign dignitaries at a funeral for an American president. Many of the present world leaders who attended the service had been in the U.S. for the G-8 Summit. Among them were Afghan President Hamid Karzai, whose visit to the U.S. ended when he addressed Congress a few days later, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, Iraqi Acting President Ghazi al-Yawar, and Jordan's King Abdullah II.

Reagan was buried that evening at sunset in a private ceremony with 600 people, with Thatcher being one of them, in attendance at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California, which included remarks from his three surviving children, ending a week of scenes, many of which had not been seen since January 25, 1973, when LBJ was buried at his ranch in his beloved hill country of Texas.

The Reagan funeral saw more eulogies than any other president funeral--10, breaking the record of 6 given during the LBJ funeral. The day after the funeral, President Bush's entire weekly radio address was his second tribute to Reagan in as many days, because the funeral happened on a Friday. Later in 2004, Reagan's eldest son, Michael, paid tribute to his father at the 2004 Republican National Convention, speaking at the convention and introducing a film, dedicating it to everyone who helped make his father president of the United States.

Reagan holds the record for the longest-living president at 93 years and 119 days. John Adams lived a record 90 years and 247 days before Reagan surpassed it on October 11, 2001.

8 See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about .

• Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom
• October Surprise

9 Further reading

• Reed Brody . Contra Terror in Nicaragua. South End Press. 1985. BooksEnthsiast.com.
• Dinesh D'Souza. "Ronald Reagan: How An Ordinary Man Became An Extraordinary Leader". Free Press. 1999. BooksEnthsiast.com
• Curt Gentry . Last Days of the Late Great State of California, (political history of the gubernatorial period).
• Edmund Morris . Dutch, (full biography).
• Frances Fitzgerald . Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War. Touchstone. (political history of Reagan's S.D.I.) 2000. BooksEnthsiast.com.
• Lou Cannon . President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime Public Affairs. BooksEnthsiast.com
• Lou Cannon . Governor Reagan: His Rise To Power Public Affairs. BooksEnthsiast.com
• Lou Cannon . Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio. Public Affairs. BooksEnthsiast.com
• Michael Deaver and Mickey Herskowitz . Behind the Scenes. William Morrow. 1987.
• Elizabeth Drew . Campaign Journal: The Political Events of 1981-1984. Macmillan. 1985.
• Marlin FitzWater . Call the Briefing! Bush and Reagan, Sam and Helen, a Decade with Presidents and the Press. Times Books 1995.
• Jack W. Germond and Jules Whitcover . Blue Smoke & Mirrors: How Reagan Won & Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980. Viking Press. 1981.
• Peter Schweizer. "Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union". Atlantic Monthly Press. 1996. BooksEnthsiast.com
• Gary Sick. October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan. New York: Random House. 1992.
• Alan Moore Bill Sienkiewicz, Martha Honey , Tony Avirgan . Brought to Light: Shadowplay : The Secret Team/Flashpoint: The LA Penca Bombing (Two Books in One) BooksEnthsiast.com
• Marc Green and Gail MacColl. Reagan's Reign of Error BooksEnthsiast.com (a compendium of reversals and inaccuracies). 1983, 1987.

10 External links

10.1 Biographical information

• Ronald Reagan at the Internet Movie Database
• Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
• Ronald Reagan Legacy Project
• Ronald Reagan Memorial Foundation
  

News items

• CNN Obituary
• Survey of various press obits from The Guardian
• Public Domain video in Quicktime of CNN reporting attempted assassination of President Reagan (Courtesy of CNN.com)

10.2 Speeches and documents

• First Inaugural Address
• Second Inaugural Address
• Evil Empire Speech
• President's News Conference September 17 1985 (makes reference to AIDS)
• Message to the Congress on America's Agenda for the Future, February 6 1986 (repeated mention of AIDS)
• Shuttle Challenger Disaster Address
• Profile, Portrait and Inaugural Addresses as California Governor
• Reagan 2020

10.3 Commentary (pro-Reagan)

• Letter to the editor by Milton Friedman on Reagan's record
• The Intellectual Origins of Ronald Reagan's Faith
• Ronald Reagan and China

10.4 Commentary (anti-Reagan)

• 66 (Unflattering) Things About Ronald Reagan
• Lebanon: 1982–1984 by John H. Kelly
• Journalist Joan Didion on the Reagan administration
• Remembering the Dead: Democracy Now! Special Coverage of Reagan's Presidency
• Journalist William Blum on Reagan and the cold war
• Slate's “Gipper the Ripper” – Selene Walters revisited

Preceded by: Jimmy Carter

President of the United States 1981–1989

Followed by: George H. W. Bush

Preceded by: Pat Brown

Governor of California 1967–1975

Followed by: Jerry Brown

Preceded by: Gerald Ford

Republican Party Presidential candidate 1980 (won) - 1984 (won)

Followed by: George H. W. Bush

Presidents of the United States of America

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