2 Intermodal transport
In the United States, an increasing emphasis has been placed on intermodal transport facilities. These are intended to help passengers move from one mode (or form) of transportation to another. An intermodal station may service air, rail, and highway transportation for example. Such facilities exist at South Bend, Indiana, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Arlington, Virginia, United States, near Washington, DC and O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, United States.
3 Nodes and stops
- Airport, heliport
- Bus stop (including bus station, bus depot), tram stop
- Underground train station
- Ship terminal , landing-stage or jetty
- Taxi stand
- Railway station
- Tram stop
In addition one can alight from and usually board a taxi at any road where stopping is allowed. Some fixed route buses allow getting on and off at suitable unmarked locations along that route, typically called a hail-and-ride section.
4 Ticket systems
(See also fare).
- must be bought in advance, one can not physically enter the railway platform etc. without, due to a turnstile or guard (usually found in metro)
- must be bought in advance as a voucher for a user-determined amount of money, which is encoded on the ticket by electronic, magnetic, or optical means. A fare is deducted automatically each time the ticket is used upon system entry, or both entry and exit where the fare is variable by distance (newer installations)
- must be bought in advance, one can not physically enter the vehicle etc. without, due to a turnstile or guard (usually found in metro)
- must be bought in advance, one is checked by a conductor, etc., upon entry (usually found on buses in North America and Western Europe. and on commuter rail systems)
- must be bought in advance, one is checked randomly by a ticket controller; Honor System (usually found in Eastern Europe and the United States)
- can be bought on entering the vehicle or during the ride
- sometimes the ticket can be bought both in advance and during the ride, then the fare may be higher in the latter case, see also Conductor (transportation); in this case buying in advance is often possible at the point of departure, but usually not at a tram or bus stop
Special tickets include:
- Octopus Cards
- passes for unlimited travel within a period of time
- passes for unlimited travel during a given number of days that can be chosen within a longer period of time (e.g. 8 days within a month)
- multi-ride tickets
- discount tickets valid for someone with a discount pass, etc.
- Smartcard
- Season ticket
- SMS tickets
Sometimes public transport is free, and thus no tickets are needed, such as in Hasselt in Belgium.
5 Funding
Funding for public transport systems differ widely, from systems which are run as unsubsidised commercial enterprises to systems that are free of charge:
- Hasselt, Belgium - free bus services
- Gent - free night bus services (weekends only)
- Renesse (mun. Schouwen-Duiveland), Netherlands - free bus services in the area (in summer only)
- Dordrecht - bus and ferry, some saturdays at the end of each year
- Noordwijk/ Oegstgeest - Leiden Transferium - The Hague, express bus, running on weekdays during daytime, free of charge as a test during 2004; it is intended for commuters working in The Hague and living in Leiden or beyond who would otherwise travel by car to the Hague, to promote parking the car at the Transferium and continuing the journey by bus; the aim is to reduce road traffic congestion between Leiden and The Hague. The test is paid by the province of South Holland. It will not be continued in 2005.
- Washington, D.C. - Congressional Subway - small free metro system
- some ferries, such as the Staten Island Ferry.
- short-distance 'public transport' such as elevator, escalator, moving sidewalk (horizontal and inclined); these are often part of a larger public transport system or business (e.g. shop) of which the products and services are not free.
- free bicycle services have been run in some places.
Other transportation services may be commercial, but receive benefits from the government compared to a normal company, e.g.,
- direct payments to run unprofitable services.
- government bailouts it the company is likely to collapse (often applied to airlines).
- tax advantages, e.g., aviation fuel is typically not taxed.
- reduction of competition through licensing schemes (often applied to taxi and airline services.)
- allowing use of state-owned infrastructure without payment or for less than cost-price (may apply for railways).
One reason many cities spend large sums on their public transport systems is that heavy automobile traffic congests city streets and causes air pollution. It is believed that well maintained, high volume public transport systems alleviate this. Many complex factors affect the outcome of spending in public transport, so success in reducing car traffic is not always assured.
Another reason for subsidies for public transit are the provision of mobility to those who cannot afford or are physically incapable of using an automobile and those who reject its use on environmental or safety grounds.
6 Public transport as a sleeping place
Public transport and its terminal buildings are sometimes used by homeless people and budget tourists as a sleeping place. This can vary from the tourist who travels on purpose at night in order to sleep while travelling and dispense with the cost of a hotel, to people for whom the 'sleeping accommodation' is the purpose, and the displacement of the vehicle a somewhat inconvenient irrelevance.
For the latter a key requirement is that travelling through the night costs less than a nearby hotel. This may especially be the case with a rail or bus pass.
One example is the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority ( VTA) bus route 22 [1], dubbed 'Hotel 22', between Palo Alto, California and San Jose, California, ( Silicon Valley), in the United States. A pass for 24 hours costs 4 dollars and one for a month 45 dollars, much less than a hotel, house or apartment.
Another example are the Interurban rail services operated by CityRail out of Sydney, Australia. Fairly comfortable trains operate as moving accommodation between Sydney and Lithgow or Newcastle during the night, trips of approximately 2½ hours. Age, Disability and Sole Parent pensioner excursion fares are $3.30 and $2.20 (Australian Dollars) for an all day ticket.
Wealthier commuters from the Central Coast, Blue Mountains and South Coast also commute to well paying jobs in Sydney on CityRail Interurban rail services, and are often known for sleeping on services during the morning peak to compensate for the early rise. It is customary not to speak on such services, to give evil stares to people who (knowingly or otherwise) use their voice above the slightest whisper without moving into the vestibule, and to give even filthier looks to any train guard who dares to use the public address system when disembarking from such services.
7 History
Conveyances for public hire are as old as the first manned ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, for on land people walked or rode an animal.
Some historic forms of public transport are the stagecoach, travelling an appointed route from inn to inn, and the horse-drawn boat carrying paying passengers, which was a feature of canal systems from their 17th-century origins.
The omnibus, the first organized public transit system within a city, appears to have been originated in Nantes, France, in 1826.
Since 1876, the Sundbåt ("Harbor Boat") of Norwegian coastal city Kristiansund N has been carrying passengers between the four islands that the city is built on. Still running, the Sundbåt is the world's oldest regular public transport service in continuous operation.
8 See also
- Travel class
- Timetable
- Human positions
- Public transport service numbering
- Urban economics
- Toilet#Toilets_in_public_transport
- Public Transport Users Association - lobby group for Victoria (Australia)
9 External link
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- http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/9823/ - maps
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