2 Education

The Prince and Princess Andrew and their children fled to Paris, France, where they took up residence at Saint-Cloud, a villa belonging to Philip's aunt, Marie Bonaparte. After being exiled, the marriage of Prince Philip's parents began to crumble. The Prince Andrew descended into alcoholism and gambling. The Princess Andrew declined into mental instability, religious mania, and subsequent institutionalisation. Afterwards, Prince Philip was to see little of his parents.

Prince Philip's education began at an American school in St Cloud. However, his grandmother, the Princess Louis of Battenberg, advised the Princess Andrew to have him educated in England. He subsequently departed for the Surrey preparatory school Cheam.

Aged twelve, Prince Philip departed England for Germany, studying at Salem, a school in Southern Germany which belonged to one of his brothers-in-law. The school was supervised by the celebrated educational pioneer Kurt Hahn. When Hitler came to power in 1933, Hahn relocated to Scotland where he founded Gordonstoun. Prince Philip also left Germany and went to Gordonstoun where he flourished academically and socially. He was the head of the hockey and cricket teams, and eventually became head boy. Prince Philip was so fond of the school that he later sent HRH The Prince of Wales, HRH The Prince Andrew and HRH The Prince Edward to Gordonstoun also.

3 Naval career

On May 1, 1939, Prince Philip began his naval career at Britannia Royal Naval College in Darthmouth as a Special Entry Cadet. In his training year, Philip won the prestigious King’s Dirk and the prize for best cadet of his entry. However, with World War II due to begin, Prince Philip would soon see real action.

In 1940 he served HMS Ramilles in Colombo, Sri Lanka, as a Midshipman, patrolling the Indian Ocean and escorting troops from Australia to the Middle East. In 1941 he was transferred to HMS Valiant, a battleship stationed in Alexandria, Egypt. Philip acted as the searchlight control on the ship, helping to sink two Italian cruisers. Later service in the war saw Philip promoted to Lieutenant and serving during the invasion of Sicily. Philip was also present onboard HMS Whelp at the surrender of Japanese forces in Tokyo Bay.

4 Marriage

On November 20, 1947, Prince Philip married Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), the eldest daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. The Princess Elizabeth was the heiress-presumptive to the British throne. The couple married at Westminster Abbey in London with the ceremony recorded and broadcast by the BBC.

Before they could marry, Prince Philip was required to renounce his Greek citizenship and become a naturalised British citizen ¹ . He renounced his Greek and Danish royal titles on March 18, 1947 and decided to take the name Mountbatten, an Anglicised version of "Battenberg, his mother's name. The day before his wedding, King George VI created Philip Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich. The King also issued letters patent allowing the Duke of Edinburgh to use the style His Royal Highness. After their marriage, Elizabeth became known as Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh.

The wedding itself was not without incident. Firstly in post-war Britain, it was not acceptable to invite any of the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations including all of his sisters who had married German aristocrats. Also Princess Mary, Princess Royal refused to attend as the abdicated Duke of Windsor was not invited.

5 Duke of Edinburgh

After their marriage, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh took up residence at Clarence House, London. The Duke was keen to pursue his naval career. However the knowledge that it would be eclipsed by his wife's future role as Queen was always in his mind. Nevertheless, he returned to the navy after his honeymoon, and was stationed in Malta. He rose through the naval ranks and commanded his own frigate, HMS Magpie.

In January 1952, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh set off for a tour of the Commonwealth, with visits to Africa, Australia and New Zealand. On February 6, when the Duke and Duchess were in Kenya, the Duchess' father, King George VI, died and she ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. The Duke broke the news to the new Queen at their tree top hotel. The Duke was now resigned to the fact that his naval career was now over, and he had a new role now as the consort of the British monarch.

6 Consort

Unlike the wife of a British monarch, there is no corresponding role for the husband of a reigning Queen. In compensation, the Queen allowed Philip a free hand in the upbringing of their children, allowing Philip to decide on their education and future careers.

The accession of Elizabeth to the throne brought up the question of the name of the Royal House. Philip's uncle, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma had advocated the new House of Mountbatten, as Elizabeth would have taken Philip's name on marriage. When Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother, heard about this, she told Winston Churchill who later advised the Queen to issue a proclamation declaring that the Royal House was to remain the House of Windsor.

The Duke of Edinburgh has supported the Queen in her role for the past fifty years. The Queen and Duke attend state visits abroad, and receive foreign dignitaries together. The Duke often carries out his own separate engagements on behalf of the Queen at home and abroad.

The Duke is also patron of many organisations. He established the Duke of Edinburgh Award in 1956 to give young people "a sense of responsibility to themselves and their communities". The scheme now operates in 100 countries around the world. He has also been the President of the World Wide Fund for Nature.

In 1956- 1957, the Duke took a round-the-world voyage on board the RY Britannia, visiting the remote islands of the Commonwealth.

On the golden jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 2002, the Duke was commended by the Speaker of the House of Commons, for his role in supporting the Queen during her reign.

One of the most controversial aspects of the Duke were his relationship with his daughter-in-laws, Diana, Princess of Wales and Sarah, Duchess of York. He was alleged to have been hostile to Diana after her divorce from Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. The owner of Harrods, Mohamed Al-Fayed, even suggested in court that the Duke was responsible for ordering Diana's death, remarks that led the Duke and the other members of the Royal Family to remove their coats of arms from Harrods.

7 Royal status

The Queen created the Duke of Edinburgh a British prince in 1957. An Order-in-Council was also issued in 1960 that stated the surname of descendants of the Duke and the Queen is to be Mountbatten-Windsor. This was to address the fact that the Duke was the only father in the country unable to pass his name to his children.

After her accession to the throne, the Queen also announced that the Duke was to have place, pre-eminence and precedence next to the Queen on all occasions and in all meetings, except where otherwise provided by Act of Parliament. This means the Duke is the first gentleman of the land, and takes precedence over his son, the Prince of Wales.

Queen Elizabeth has never granted the Duke the title of Prince Consort. This title was granted to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha by his wife, Queen Victoria.

As a descendant of Queen Victoria, the Duke is himself in the line of succession to the British throne, at around 520th position.

8 Children and grandchildren

• HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George) (born November 14 1948), married ( July 29 1981) and divorced ( August 28 1996) Lady Diana Frances Spencer (1961-1997)
  • HRH Prince William of Wales (born June 21 1982)
  • HRH Prince Henry of Wales (born September 15, 1984)

• HRH Princess Anne, Princess Royal (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise) (born August 15 1950), married ( November 14 1973) and divorced ( April 28 1992) Captain Mark Anthony Peter Phillips (born 1948); married ( December 12 1992) Commander Timothy Laurence
  • Peter Phillips (born 1977)
  • Zara Phillips (born May 15 1981)

• HRH Prince Andrew, Duke of York (Andrew Albert Christian Edward) (born February 19 1960), married ( July 23 1986) and divorced ( May 30 1996) Sarah Margaret Ferguson (born 1959)
  • HRH Princess Beatrice of York (born August 8 1988)
  • HRH Princess Eugenie of York (born March 23 1990)

• HRH Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (Edward Anthony Richard Louis) (born March 10 1964), married ( June 19 1999) Sophie Rhys-Jones (born 1965)
  • Lady Louise Windsor (born November 8 2003)

9 Titles and honours

9.1 Titles

• His Royal Highness Prince Philipos of Greece and Denmark
• Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten RN
• His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh

9.2 Honours

• Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter,
• Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle,
• Order of Merit,
• Grand Master and First and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire,
• Companion in the Order of Australia,
• Queen's Service Order ,
• Lord of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council,
• Privy Councillor for Canada

¹ As a descendant of the Electress Sophia of Hanover through his mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg, Philip could already claim to be a naturalized British citizen under the terms of the Sophia Naturalization Act passed in 1705.

10 Controversial remarks

The Duke is particularly known in Britain for occasional controversial remarks made while on public visits. [1].

• When visiting China in 1986, he told a group of British students, "If you stay here much longer, you'll all be slitty-eyed".
• After accepting a gift from a Kenyan native he replied "You are a woman, aren't you?"
• "If it has four legs and is not a chair, has wings and is not an aeroplane, or swims and is not a submarine, the Cantonese will eat it." (1986)
• "British women can't cook." (1966)
• To a British student in Papua New Guinea: "You managed not to get eaten then?"
• Asked a Scottish driving instructor, "How do you keep the natives off the booze long enough for them to pass the driving test?"
• On a visit to the new Welsh Assembly in Cardiff, he told a group of deaf children standing next to a Jamaican steel drum band, "Deaf? No wonder you are deaf standing so close to that racket."[2]
• He asked an Australian aborigine, "Still throwing spears?" (2002)
• Said to a Briton in Budapest, Hungary, "You can't have been here that long – you haven't got a pot belly." (1993)
• To the President of Nigeria, who was dressed in traditional Muslim robes, "You look like you're ready for bed!"

• Seeing a shoddily installed fuse box in a high-tech Edinburgh factory, HRH remarked that it looked "like it was put in by an Indian".[3]

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