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Grossly, Peyer’s patches are observable as elongated thickenings of the intestinal epithelium measuring a few centimeters in length. Microscopically, Peyer’s patches appear as oval or round lymphoid follicles (similar to lymph nodes) located in the mucosa and extending into the submucosa of the ileum. In adults, B lymphocytes are seen to predominate in the follicles’ germinal centers.

Because the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to the external environment, much of it is populated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Peyer’s patches thus establish their importance in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen and in facilitating the generation of the immune response within the mucosa. Pathogenic microorganisms and other antigens entering the intestinal tract encounter macrophages, dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes , and T-lymphocytes found in Peyer’s patches and other gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). B-cells and memory cells are stimulated upon encountering antigen in Peyer’s patches. These cells then pass to the mesenteric lymph nodes where the immune response is amplified. Activated lymphocytes pass into the blood stream via the thoracic duct and travel to the gut where they carry out their final effector functions.

Although important in the immune response, excessive growth of lymphoid tissue in Peyer’s patches is pathologic as hypertrophy of Peyer’s patches has been closely associated with idiopathic intussusception.