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Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems used in multiple-winner elections (e.g. elections to parliament), emphasizing proportional representation. In these systems, parties make lists of candidates to be elected, and seats get allocated to each party in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may vote directly for the party, like in Israel, or they may vote for candidates and that vote will pool to the party, like in Turkey and Finland. The order in which the party's list candidates get elected may be pre-determined by some method internal to the party (a closed list system) or they may be determined by the voters at large (an open list system).

There are many variations on seat allocation within party-list proportional representation. The three most common are:

The d'Hondt method, used in Israel, Austria and Poland, among other places;
The Sainte-Laguë method, used in many Scandinavian countries, New Zealand, and the German Federal State Bremen; and
The largest remainder methodThe largest remainder method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. It is a contrast to the highest averages method. Method The largest remainder method requires the number of votes for.

List PR may also be combined in various hybrids (e.g. using the Additional member system).

The unmodified Sainte-Laguë method and the LR-Hare method rank as the most proportional followed by LR-Droop; single transferable voteThe Single Transferable Vote or STV is a preference voting system designed to minimise wasted votes in multi-candidate elections while ensuring that votes are explicitly for individuals rather than party lists. When promoted as a proportional representati; modified Sainte-Laguë, d'Hondt and largest remainder Imperiali. While the allocation formula is important, equally important is the district magnitude (number of seats in a constituency). The higher the district magnitude, the more proportional an electoral system becomes.

1 See also

List of democracy and elections-related topicsThis is a list of articles related to democracy and the various aspects of a democratic system, most notably elections. In general, all the following articles have at least some connection with the democratic decision-making process. Government Government
List MPA list MP is a Member of Parliament (MP) who is elected from a party list rather than from a geographical constituency. Their presence in Parliament is owed to the number of votes that their party won, not to votes received by the MP personally. This occu

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