Aliphatic compounds are organic molecules that do not contain aromatic systems.
Hydrocarbons - Alkanes - Alkenes - Dienes or Alkadienes - Alkynes - Halogenoalkanes - Alcohols - Mercaptans - Ethers - Aldehydes - KetoneA ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a compound that contains this functional group. A ketone can be generally represented by the formula: :R( C O)R. A carbonyl carbon bonded to twos - Carboxylic acidIn chemistry, carboxylic acids (also called alkanoic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group. Carboxylic acids thus have the structure : where R is a hydrogen or an organic group. In chemical formulas, this is also writtes - EsterFor the Biblical Ester, see Esther. For the town, see Ester, Alaska. In organic chemistry and biochemistry esters are substances that have the functional group Rī-COOR" (the carbon is double-bonded to one oxygen atom and single-bonded to another) and conss - CarbohydrateCarbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. Relatively complex carbohydrates are known as polysaccharides. Carbohydrates ares - Alicyclic compoundThe term alicyclic compound refers to organic chemical compounds that are both aliphatic and cyclic. Biological/environmental relevance Industrial relavance Organic compounds.s - AmideIn chemistry, the term amide has two meanings. It may refer to a certain inorganic anion. It may also refer to a functional group found in organic compounds or to compounds that contain this functional group. The amide anion is the conjugate base of ammons - AmineAmines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. Amines have structures resembling ammonia, where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups or other groups where the nitrogen is bonded to a carbs - LipidLipids are fatty acid esters, a class of relatively water-insoluble organic molecules, which are the "basic" components of biological membranes. There are three forms of lipids: phospholipids, steroids. and triglycerides. Lipids consist of a polar or hydrs - Nitriles
Polymers are a special kind of molecule. Generally considered "large" molecules, polymers are get their reputation regarding size because they are molecules that consist of multiple smaller segments. The segments could be chemically identical, which would make such a molecule a homopolymer. Or the segments could be vary in chemical structure, which would make that molecule a heteropolymer. Polymers are a subset of "macromolecules" which is just a classification for all molecules that are considered large.
Polymers can be organic or inorganic. Commonly-encountered polymers are usually organic (eg. polyethylene, polypropylene, Plexiglas, etc). But inorganic polymers are also familiar to everyday items (eg. silly putty, silicone, etc).
The reason that there are so many carbon compounds is that carbon has the ability to form many carbon chains of different lengths, and rings of different sizes ( catenation). Many carbon compounds are extremely sensitive to heat, and generally decompose below 300'C. They tend to be less soluble in water compared to many inorganic salts. In contrast to such salts, they tend to be much more soluble in organic solvents such as ether or alcohol. Organic compounds are covalently bonded.
8 Determining the molecular structure of an organic compound
Currently, there exist several methods for characterizing an organic compound. In general usage are (in alphabetical order):
Crystallography: The most precise method, but not of practical use, since it is very difficult and expensive.
Elemental Analysis : A destructive method used to determine the elemental composition of a molecule.
Infrared spectrometry : Chiefly used to determine the presence (or absence) of certain functional groups.
Organic chemistry as a science is generally agreed to have started in 1828 with Friedrich Woehler's synthesis of the organic, biologically significant compound urea by accidentally evaporating an aqueous solution of ammonium cyanate (NH4OCN).