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An order of succession is a formula or algorithm that determines who inherits an office upon the death, resignation, or removal of its current occupant.

1 Monarchies

In hereditary monarchies the order of succession is followed in order to determine who becomes the new monarch when the old monarch dies or vacates the throne. Such orders of succession generally specify which descendant of the previous monarch, or in default of a direct heir, which sibling or collateral of the previous monarch, will assume the throne. Generally, the line of succession is restricted to persons of the blood royal (see morganatic marriage), that is to those born into or descended from the present royal family or a previous sovereign. The persons in line to succeed to the throne are called "dynasts." Constitutions, statutes, house laws, and norms may regulate the number of dynasts and the qualifications of potential successors to the throne.

Different monarchies use different algorithms or formulas to determine the line of succession. Chief among the lineal mechanisms are:

Salic Law (also called Agnatic Succession): the complete exclusion of females of the dynasty and their descendants from the succession. The Salic Law applied to the former royal or imperial houses of Albania, France, Italy, Korea, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Prussia/ German Empire. It currently applies to the royal or imperial houses of Japan, JordanThe Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan commonly called Jordan is a country in the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the north-east, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, and Israel and West Bank to the west. It shares the coastlines of the, and NepalNepal situated in the Himalayas, is the world's only Hindu kingdom. It is in South Asia, sharing borders with China ( Tibet Autonomous Region) and India. Nepal Adhirajya ( In Detail) (Full size) National motto: "Ja'nani Jan'mabhumis'hchaa Svar'gadapi Gari. Generally, hereditary monarchies that operate under the Salic Law also use primogeniturePrimogeniture is inheritance by the first-born of the entirety of a parent's wealth, estate or office. Primogeniture often occurs in regulating royal succession to the throne in a monarchy. Agnatic primogeniture is inheritance by the oldest surviving male among male descendants in the male line to determine the rightful successor.

Semi-Salic Law: According to the FAQA FAQ Frequently Asked Questions is a document containing a series of questions and answers all pertaining to a certain topic. FAQ" is sometimes pronounced as an acronym, fack and sometimes as the initialism F. Since it originated in the text medium of US for the newsgroupA newsgroup is a repository, usually within the Usenet system, for messages posted from many users at different locations. The term is somewhat confusing, because it is usually a discussion group. Newsgroups are technically distinct from, but functionally alt.talk.royalty, under semi-Salic law, "the succession is reserved firstly to all the male dynastic descendants of all the eligible branches by order of primogeniturePrimogeniture is inheritance by the first-born of the entirety of a parent's wealth, estate or office. Primogeniture often occurs in regulating royal succession to the throne in a monarchy. Agnatic primogeniture is inheritance by the oldest surviving male, then upon total extinction of these male descendants to the eldest of the dynastic female descendants." Current monarchies that operated under Semi-Salic law include LuxembourgThe Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (also Luxemburg is a landlocked state in the north-west of the continental European Union, bordered by France, Germany and Belgium. Grand-Duche de LuxembourgGrossherzogtum LuxemburgGroussherzogtum (Grand-Duche) Letzebuerg ( I and LiechtensteinThe Principality of Liechtenstein (pronounced "LEEKH-ten-shtine" ( IPA: ['lik. tan]; SAMPA: ["lik. StaIn]) is a small, doubly landlocked country in central Europe, bordered by Switzerland to its west and by Austria to its east. Being mountainous, it is a. Former monarchies that operated under semi-Salic law included Austria (later Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. monarchy , was a dualistic state ( 1867 1918) in which the Kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the west), Bavaria, Hanover, Württemberg, Russia, Saxony, Tuscany, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Primogeniture (or more properly Male Primogeniture): a mechanism whereby male descendants of the sovereign take precedence over female descendants, with children representing their deceased ancestors, and where the senior line of descent always takes precedence over the junior line, in each gender. Elder sons always take precedence over younger sons. Younger sons always take precedence over older daughters. The right of succession always belongs to the eldest son of the reigning sovereign (see heir apparent), and then to the eldest son of the eldest son. This is the system in Britain, Spain (since 1978), Denmark, and Monaco.

Cognatic Primogeniture (or Absolute Primogeniture): a law in which the eldest child of the sovereign succeeds to the throne, regardless of gender, and where females (and their descendants) enjoy the same right of succession as males. This is currently the system in Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.

2 Government

In politics, a desire to ensure a continunity of operations at all times has resulted in most offices, no matter how bureaucratic, having some formalized order of succession.

In republics with fixed-term elections, the national president is usually succeeded following death or resignation by the vice president, in turn followed by various office holders of the parliament or congress, and then members of the cabinet. For example, if both the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States are unable to serve, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives takes over as President. Next in line is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, who is followed by the Secretary of State, and other cabinet officials.

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