Oncology Diagnosis Therapy Follow up Palliative Care

Oncology is the medical study and treatment of cancer. A physician who practices oncology is an oncologist. The term is from the Greek onkos, meaning bulk, mass or tumor, and the suffix -ology, meaning "study of".

The oncologist often coordinates the multidisciplinary care of cancer patients, which may involve physiotherapy, counselling, clincal genetics, to name but a few. On the other hand, the oncologist often has to liaise with pathologists on the exact biological nature of the tumor that is being treated.

1 Diagnosis

The most important diagnostic tool remains the medical history: the character of the complaints and any aspecific symptoms ( fatigueIn Wikipedia, fatigue can mean: # Fatigue (physical) tiredness in humans # Fatigue (material) failure by repeated stress in materials # Fatigues (uniform) military uniform # Battle fatigue also known as Post-traumatic stress disorder # Reader's fatigue #, weight lossNote: Wikipedia does not provide medical advice. If you have a medical problem, you should seek expert help. In the context of physical health, weight loss is the process of losing body weight, usually by losing fat. To achieve healthy weight loss, most e, unexplained anemiaThis article discusses the medical condition. For the fern genus, see Anemia (fern . Anemia ( American English) or anaemia ( British English) is a lack of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin. This results in a reduced ability of blood to transfer oxygen to, paraneoplastic phenomena and other signs). Often a physical examination will reveal the location of a malignancy.

Apart from in diagnosis, these modalities (especially imaging by CT scanning) are often used to determine operability , i.e. whether it is surgically possible to remove a tumor in its entirety.

Generally, a "tissue diagnosis" (from a biopsy) is considered essential for the proper identification of cancer. When this is an impossibility, empirical therapy (without an exact diagnosis) is the only remaining possibility.

Occasionally, a primary tumor cannot be found. This situation is referred to as "unknown primary". Again, empirical therapy, apart with specialized imaging (such as 18-FDG PET) might prove of some benefit.

2 Therapy

It depends completely on the nature of the tumor identified what kind of therapeutical intervention will be necessary. Certain disorders will require immediate admission and chemotherapy (such as acute leukemia), while others will be followed up with regular physical examination and blood tests.

Often, surgery is attempted to remove a tumor entirely. This is only feasible when there is some degree of certainty that the tumor can in fact be removed. When it is certain that parts will remain, surgery is often impossible, e.g. when there are metastases elsewhere, or when the tumor has invaded a structure that cannot be operated upon without risking the patient's life. There are a few exceptions: in ovarian carcinoma, surgery can improve survival even if not all tumour tissue has been removed; the procedure it referred to as "debulking" (i.e. reducing the overall amount of tumour tissue).

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used as a first-line therapy in a number of malignancies, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma. More often, however, they are used as adjuvans, i.e. when the tumor has already been completely removed surgically but there is a reasonable statistical risk that it will recur. Please refer to the respective articles for details on these treatment modalities.

Some tumors are susceptible to immunotherapy

3 Follow-up

A large segment of the oncologist's workload is the following-up of cancer patients who have been successfully treated. As cancer therapy becomes more coordinated, early identification of recurrence will often lead to better survival and quality of life. It depends on the nature of the cancer whether the follow-up lasts a number of years (often 10 years) or remains "life long".

A specialized area of oncology is that of "secondary cancer", tumors caused by treatment for a different cancer. The rate of secondary cancer is improving as chemotherapy treatment schedules are becoming less toxic, but on the whole the incidence of cancer in previous cancer patients is substantially higher than in the general population.

4 Palliative care

Although 50% of all cancer cases diagnosed achieve curation, a large number of cancer patients will die from the disease. Although in many respects palliative care has matured into a separate specialism, oncology still provides specific guidance and, occasionally, experimental therapies. The use of the latter is not always advised; rather, the patient is encouraged to learn to "live with [approaching] death", when every therapeutical possibility has been attempted.

5 Ethical issues

The oncologist is often faced with ethical questions and dilemmas, e.g. whether to tell a patient about the real prognosis of his/her disease, whether to suggest a highly experimental therapy, and how to properly address the patient's wish to die quickly (with or without euthanasia).

6 Progress and research in oncology

There is a tremendous amount of research being conducted on all frontiers of oncology, ranging from cancer cell biology to chemotherapy treatment regimens and optimal palliative care and pain relief. This makes oncology an exciting and continuously changing field.

Therapeutic trials often involve patients from many different hospitals in a particular region. In the UK, patients are often enrolled in large studies coordinated by the Medical Research Council (MRC, www.mrc.ac.uk) or the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC, www.eortc.be).

7 Alternative therapies

See main article: Alternative medicine

Many other types of therapy have been tried with cancer patients. Some of these have been discredited by the medical community, such as amygdalin, also known as laetrile, an extract of apricot pits. Other herbal preparations are being tried by various practitioners. Some physicians have claimed significant success with a modified means of delivering chemotherapy, termed IPT or insulin potentiation therapy.

Other efforts have centered on trying to bolster the body's immune system's ability to deal with the cancer. Unfortunately, many cancers present surface configurations that exactly mimic their original healthy parent cells, so that most immunotherapies are useless against them.

Some patients also use what are known as " adjunctive therapies ", including such practices as visualization. While these are largely not proven to be effective, they are mostly at least harmless and often supportive of the patient's state of mind while they are undergoing medical therapies.

8 See also

9 References

Vickers, A. Alternative Cancer Cures: "Unproven" or "Disproven"? CA Cancer J Clin 2004 54: 110-118. Full text online

10 External links

Specialisms of medicine *

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