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The northwesterly wind in the South Island is a föhn wind. Warm moist air from over the Tasman Sea is pushed up by the presence of the Southern Alps, causing it to cool rapidly. Much of the moisture is dumped on the West Coast, and is responsible for the temperate rain forests found there. As the air passes over the alps, the water vapour remaining becomes visible in a band of cloud over the mountains. From the perspective of a viewer on the eastern side, this appears as an arch of cloud.
The Nor'west arch can be seen from as far north as Amberley, and as far south as Central Otago, but it is at its most prominent on the Canterbury Plains, due to the flat and low-lying nature of the land to the east of the mountains.
The Nor'wester, when it hits, is not only responsible for Canterbury's intermittent droughts, but also has a deep psychological effect on people subjected to its hot, dry nature. It has been statistically linked to increases in suicide and domestic violence.
Weather New Zealand Canterbury, New Zealand