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| Mumbai (Bombay) none Gateway of India | |
| Classification | Metropolitan City |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| Latitude Longitude | 18.96 ° N 72.82 ° E |
| Population Density | 12,622,500 ( 2004)[1] 28,834/ km2 |
| Dial Code | 22 |
| Time zone | UTC +5:30 ( ISTIndian Standard Time (IST) is the time zone for India. It is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT/ UTC. The entire country shares the same time. Although using one time universally has its advantages, the drawback is that in places in the far east, the sun) |
| AreaThis article explains the meaning of area as a Physical quantity. Article area (geometry) is more mathematical. Area is a quantity expressing the size of a region of space. Surface area refers to the summation of the areas of the exposed sides of an objec | 437.77 km2 |
| Coastal Length | 140 km |
| AltitudeAltitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum, called zero level''. Most often this level is defined as the absolute sea level, but it can vary. In aviation, the term altitude is used to describe elevation above mean sea level, the te | 8 metres average |
Mumbai (renamed from Bombay in 1995) is the world's most populousThis a list of the thirty most populous cities in the world as of 2004. The reader should note that criteria for defining a city's population vary wildly between nations, and the figures and ranks in this list may bear little or no relation to a city's ac conurbationA conurbation is an urban area comprising a number of cities or towns which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. It is thus a polycentric form of agglomeration. A metropolitan area (where n, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. Mumbai is located on the west coast of India and is the capital of the state of Maharashtra. The city is located on an island with a deep natural harbour and is the nation's commercial capital. The name was officially changed from Bombay to Mumbai in 1995, but the former name is still popularly used in the West and by many of the city's inhabitants.
Mumbai is an eponym derived from the local Hindu goddess, Mumbadevi, whose worship extends back to the 1400's. In the 16th c., the Portuguese named the area Bom Bahia which means Good Bay. The name was later corrupted to Bomaνm. After gaining possession of the isles, the British anglicised the name to Bombay. The city was renamed to Mumbai in 1995.
The city originally consisted of seven little isles. It was part of the kingdom of Ashoka and then various Hindu rulers of the Silhara dynasty until 1343, when it was annexed by the kingdom of Gujerat.
In 1534 the Portuguese took the islands from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. The islands remained in their hands until 1661, when it ceded as the dowry of Catherine de Braganza to Charles II of England. He, in turn leased it to the British East India Company in 1668 for £10 per annum. The company found the deep harbour at Bombay eminently apposite, and the population rose from 10,000 in 1661 to 60,000 by 1675. In 1687, the East India Company transferred their headquarters there from Surat.
Completed in 1784, the Hornby Vellard was the first of the engineering projects aimed at joining the seven islands. William Hornby, then Governor of Bombay, initiated the project in 1782 despite opposition from the directors of the East India Company. The cost of the vellard was estimated at Rs. 100,000.
From 1817 the city was reshaped with large civil engineering projects merging the seven islands into one single mass of around 435 km² by 1845. In 1853 the country's first railway link completed, between Bombay and Thana. The city remained in Company hands until after the Revolt of 1857 when it was taken by the Crown.
The city's economy got a major boost during the American Civil War, ( 1861 1865) with the city becoming the world's chief cotton market. In 1869, the opening up of the Suez Canal, shortened the time between the city and Europe and developed into a major port.
Up to the end of the Second World War, Bombay covered only about 67 km² of land from Colaba in the south to Mahim and Sion in the north. The city witnessed large scale Hindu-Muslim riots just before India's independence in 1947.
In 1950, the city expanded northward with the inclusion of portions of Salsette Island, and by 1957 a number of suburban towns including Bandra, Andheri, Malad & Borivali and some villages of Thane were incorporated into Greater Bombay, with an area of 169 square miles (434 km²).
In 1960, the city became the capital of the new state of Maharashtra. A series of land reclamations from the sea in the 1970s and the mushrooming of sky-scrapers reinforced the city's status as the premier city of the country. In 1992 large scale Hindu-Muslim riots affected the entire city. In March 1993 simultaneous bombings of the city's institutions killed 300. Since the early 2000s the city's urbs primus status has been challenged by New Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad.
thumb South Mumbai The city originally extended from the southern tip of the peninsula to the Mahim and Sion Creeks in the north. This region was called Old Bombay (the downtown area), and the area north of this was called Greater Bombay. Old Bombay being a city didn't have a district capital, whereas a capital was created in the largely semi-urban uptown Greater Bombay. However with the population boom, the city limits were expanded up to Dahisar in the north and Mulund in the northeast.
The terms Old and Greater Bombay are almost archaic. It is now more commonly known as town and suburbs respectively. The terms townie and burbie are used to refer to populace of the two regions. Despite the blurring of boundaries, highway milestones are still calibrated keeping Flora Fountain in South Bombay as the starting point of the city. thumb Flora Fountain Residents of the neighbouring townships of Mira Road, Thanι and the satellite city of New Bombay often refer to themselves as city residents, as they share the same area and postal codes; often creating confusion in the minds of outsiders.
Mumbai as seen from space. The island is clearly visible.Mumbai spans an area 438 km² the city is on a peninsula on the island of Salcette. Because of this, the Mumbai (town) is often called the Island city. The city is spread linearly along the Arabian Sea coast. The city has a tropical climate with moderate to high levels of humidity. The moderating influence of the Arabian Sea ensures that there is very little fluctuation of seasonal temperatures. The warmest months of the year are March and October with temperature around 37-38 degrees Celsius. The coolest month is January with the day temperature around 26 degrees Celsius. It is also during this season that the city is enveloped with a thick layer of smog due to the inversion effect. Annual rainfall averages between 1.8 m and 2.4 m.
The city used to be seven hilly isles. When the isles were merged to form a monolithic island, these hills were razed and used to fill the shallows. Partly because of this, some parts of the city lie below sea level and require special foundations for construction. Many parts of the city are still hilly. The highest point in the city is about 450 m and lies in the Powai-Kanheri range in the Borivali National Park. The city lies on a fault line and is earthquake prone (Zone 3 up to a magnitude of 6.5). The geology of the area shows that the islands are composed of black basalt rock.
The city being adjacent to water, the temperature changes are not as drastic as those inland. Mumbai enjoys its monsoon showers from June to September with the annual rainfall being around 2.2 m (85 in). The city experiences light fog in the northern reaches of the city in Dec/Jan. Hailstones are rare. The lowest recorded temperature is 7 °C (45 °F) in 1962, the highest, 42 °C (108 °F). Temperatures (max/min): Jan: 25/12 °C (77/54 °F) May: 35/28 °C (95/82 °F) July: 30/26 °C (86/79 °F) Oct: 38/23 °C (100/73 °F).
thumb Bombay Municipal Corporation building The city is run by a municipal corporation, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) which takes care of the civic duties. The head of the corporation is the Mayor. Although he is voted to power, his role is largely ceremonial. The person with the actual executive powers is the Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer.
The city has its own police department, the Mumbai Police. The Police Commissioner heads the police force, and is appointed by the state government. Since the city is also composed of two districts, two District Collectors are also appointed. Their role is largely curtailed as compared to their rural counterparts. Their job is to approve new construction and oversee national elections.
thumb Marine Drive, located in the heart of the city As the country's commercial capital, Mumbai houses the headquarters of almost all major companies. The Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange, forms the heart of commercial India and is situated in South Bombay. The city contributes 40% of India's income tax, and Rs. 40,000 crores (9 billion US $) as annual corporate tax; the highest in the country. Mumbai is also the epicentre of India's film industry Bollywood, which is the largest in the world in terms of the number of films produced annually.
Most of the city inhabitants rely on public transportation to travel to their workplace. Public buses and trains handle most of this traffic.
Long distance train at CST station
See also: Railway stations in Bombay
A resident of Mumbai City is a Mumbaikar, Bombayite before 1996. Many Mumbaikars still prefer to call the city by its historic name, Bombay and themselves Bombayites. Within Mumbai, areas correspond to nearest railway station on the suburban railway network and people often associate themselves with the particular area where they live. People prefer to stay close to the railway station as the railways are the lifeline of Mumbai. Mumbai is known as one of the most liberal and open-minded cities of India. Many city-dwellers lead a fast-paced life with very little time for other activities.
Hundreds of people migrate to Mumbai everyday in search of jobs. This is creating a heavy strain on the resources and is emerging as an issue of the local people residing here since long time.
Mumbai has always been cosmopolitan in nature. The various languages of India blend together into a language referred to as Bambaiyaa Hindi.
Mumbai is the only city in India where all the women feel safe in public places at any time of the day or night, according to recent surveys. The cosmopolitan nature of the sleepless city means that women feel safe to wear the clothes they like and travel at any time alone. Also the work environment is commended as being closer and more open to the concept of gender equality than anywhere else in India.
The most common language spoken on the city streets is a colloquial form of Hindi/ Urdu, known as Bambaiya Hindi, which is a mix of Hindi, Marathi, English and a few invented colloquial words. While Marathi is the official language of the state of Maharashtra, it is not as widely spoken as Hindi. English is also extensively spoken and understood by most of the inhabitants. It is also the principal language spoken amongst the city's white collar workforce. As there is a significant population of people from the neighbouring state of Gujarat, Gujarati is spoken by many.
Mumbai has spawned a whole new urban culture of it own. The metropolis has its own local roadside fast food consisting of vada pavs and bhelpuri. Denizens have their own unique tastes in cuisine, music, films and literature, both Indian and international. The city artistically blends western and Indian celebrations and festivals which are celebrated by one and all. Mumbai resonates with a vibrant buzz and is often said to be the 'city that never sleeps'. It also has a famed nightlife albeit with a few restrictions.
In 2004, Mumbai received three heritage conservation awards from UNESCO.
Main article: Demographics of Mumbai
The largest city in India, the city's population is also one of the highest in the world with over 12.6 million residents. The density is 28,834 per square kilometre. There are 811 females to every 1000 males. This figure is mainly due to the fact that many males with families in rural areas work in the city. Mumbai has a modest literacy rate of 77%, though much higher than the national average. Out of this figure 82% of adult males and 71.6% of adult females are literate. 68% of the city's residents are Hindus, 17% are Muslim, 4% Christian & 4% Buddhist. The remaining 6% are followers of Parsi, Jain, Sikh and Jewish religions and Atheist ideology.
South Mumbai, the building on the right is the University of Mumbai Mumbai city has a large number of premiere educational institutions. There are two universities, The University of Mumbai and the SNDT Women's University. The Mumbai University has almost all the colleges in Mumbai affiliated to it. In addition, the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, one of the top engineering schools in the country, is in Mumbai.
There are 1,188 public municipal primary schools: (as on 1 September, 1999) as well as numerous private schools. Almost all of the private schools use English as the medium of instruction.
See also: List of Bombay Colleges
Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas include tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf. Bombay also has a rugby club, the only one in the country. Every February, Mumbai holds the Derby equestrian races.
Being at the epicentre of Indian cinema, the city has a large number of cinemas. The oldest film shot in the country was taken in 1896 in the Kala Ghoda area. Numerous cinemas and multiplexes catering to mainstream Bollywood and Hollywood films dot the city. The world's largest IMAX dome theatre is located in Bombay. Besides cinemas, the city hosts various plays and cultural performances. There are also two art galleries and a museum in South Bombay.
The booming population is the highest concern as it puts a severe strain on the infrastructure. The city is slated to replace Tokyo as the world's most populous city by 2020. Real estate prices are among the highest in the world due to the lack of available area on the island. This lack of cheap accommodation has seen slums such as Dharavi mushrooming all over the city. Frequent flooding in parts of Bombay during the monsoon months brings transportation to its knees. In parts of the city, there are water shortfalls in the summer months. With the public transportation bursting at the seams, commuting has become a nightmare. Solutions such as new flyovers and light elevated rail are currently being studied for their viability.
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