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There are many model organisms. The first model organism for molecular biology was probably the bacterium Escherichia coli which is common in the human digestive system (and usually beneficial -- the dangerous is a rare strain). This also led to a study of many bacteriophages, particularly phage lambda.

In eukaryotes, several yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae ("baker's" or "budding" yeast), have been widely studied, largely because they are quick and easy to grow. The cell cycle in a simple yeast is very similar to the cell cycle in humans, and regulated by homologous proteins. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was studied, again because it was easy to grow for a multicellular organism. The roundwormAdenophora Subclass Enoplia Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea Subclass Rhabditia Subclass Spiruria Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. They are u Caenorhabditis elegansCaenorhabditis elegans C. elegans is a free-living nematode (a roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in a temperate soil environment. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans began in 1965 by Sydney Brenner. elegans is v is studied because it has very stereotyped development patterns and can be rapidly assayed for abnormalities.

When researchers look for an organism to use in their studies, they look for several traits. Common among these are size, lifespan, accessibility, manipulation, genetics, conservation of mechanisms, and potential economic benefit. As comparative molecular biology has become more common, some researchers have sought model organisms that represent assorted lineagesKinship and descent is one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology. Cultures worldwide possess a wide range of systems of tracking kinship and descent. Anthropologists break these down into simple concepts which are common among many different cult of life.

1 Important model organisms

1.1 VirusA common alternate meaning of virus is computer virus. Other meanings, as well as a discussion of pluralization, are at plural of virus''. bacteriophage (left center); an animal virus (top right); and a retrovirus (bottom right). Viruses depend on the hoses

• lambda phageEnterobacteria phage &lambda lambda phage is a temperate phage that lives in E. Once the phage is inside its host, it may integrate itself into the host's DNA. In this state, λ is called a prophage and stays resident within the host's genome, witho