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An important area under the Medici in the Renaissance with many important landmarks from the 16th century, Livorno was enlarged at the end of the 18th century by Leopold II, who also opened the city to foreign merchants. It became a free port under Ferdinand I from 1590, and remained such until 1860, when it became part of the Kingdom of Italy. During World War II, Livorno received moderate damage, including to a historic cathedral and synagogue. It is home to a naval academy.

Livorno is the birthplace of:

• Mario Ancona (1860-1931), opera baritone
• Leonetto Cappiello (1875-1942), painter
• Giorgio Caproni (1912-1990), poet
• Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (born 1920), statesman
• Galeazzo Ciano (1903-1944), fascist politician
• Giovanni Fattori (1825-1908), painter
• Francesco Domenico GuerrazziFrancesco Domenico Guerrazzi ( 1804 September 25, 1873), was an Italian writer and politician. Born at Livorno, he was educated for the law at Pisa, and began to practise at Livorno. He soon gave up law in favour of politics and literature, under the infl (1804-1873), writer and politician
• Pietro MascagniPietro Mascagni ( Livorno December 7, 1863 Rome August 2, 1945) is one of the most important Italian opera composers of the turn of the 20th century. The formidable success of his first masterpiece in 1890, Cavalleria Rusticana unfortunately eluded many o (1863-1945), opera composer
• Matteo Mazzantini (born 1976), star rugby player
• Amedeo ModiglianiAmedeo Clemente Modigliani ( July 12, 1884 January 24, 1920) was an Italian painter and sculptor. He was born in Livorno, Tuscany, Italy, the fourth child of the Jewish family of Flaminio Modigliani and his French-born wife, Eugenie Garsin and was raised (1884-1920), great painter and sculptor
• Moses Haim MontefioreSir Moses Montefiore ( October 24, 1784- July 28, 1885) was one of the most famous British Jews in the 19th century. Montefiore was a financier, stockbroker, philanthropist and also the Sheriff of London, England. Life Born in Livorno, Italy, Montefiore g (1784-1885), financier, philanthropist in Britain
• Alfredo Muller (1869-1940), artist
• Angiolo Tommasi (1858-1923), artist

There is a breed of chicken called leghornThe leghorn is a breed of chicken, named after the Italian city of Leghorn. Leghorns, and leghorn crossbreeds, are one of the most popular breeds of chicken worldwide, and while the majority are white, a number of coloured breeds also exist. Leghorns are, named after the city. This in turn gave its name to the cartoon character Foghorn LeghornFoghorn Leghorn is an animated chicken appearing in numerous Warner Brothers cartoons. He first appeared in 1946 in a Henery Hawk film entitled Walky Talky Hawky''. Foghorn Leghorn is considered a significant Looney Tunes character, whose sidekick was The.