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Khazaria also known as Khazar khaganate or Khazar khanate was the country of the Khazars, neighboring the Byzantine Empire in the southwest, Kievan Rus' in the northwest, Volga Bulgaria in the north, and Azerbaijan in the southeast. This Turkic people adopted Judaism in the 8th or 9th century.

As an independent state, Khazaria existed between about 652 and 1016. Its supreme ruler was known by the title khagan. Its last khagan was named George Tsul . Much of Khazaria was covered by steppe land. Khazaria bordered the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The Volga River (known as Itil or Atil) passed through eastern Khazaria.

Major cities of Khazaria included:

Along the Caspian coast and Volga delta --

Atil

KhazaranKhazaran was a city east of Atil in the Khazar kingdom, connected to the latter by a pontoon bridge. Khazaran was later inhabited primarily by Muslims and featured numerous mosques, minarets, and madrasas. It was a bustling trade center easily reachable b

SamandarSamandar was a city in Khazaria on the western edge of the Caspian Sea, south of Atil and north of the Caucasus. It was inhabited by Jews, Christians, Muslims, and pagans and had houses of worship for each faith. From the 720s to about 750, Samandar serve

In the CaucasusThe Caucasus is a region in eastern Europe and western Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus mountains and surrounding lowlands. It is occasionally considered part of Central Asia. The highest peak is Elbrus (5642m), w --

BalanjarBalanjar (also Belendzher) was a city in Khazaria near the Caspian Sea, north of the Caucasus. The legendary founder of Balanjar, according to the Arab chroniclers Ibn al-Faqih and Abu al-Fida, was named Balanjar ibn Japheth. Until the early 720s, Balanja

Sambalut

Samiran

Sarir

Maghas ( AlanThe Alans or Alani were a nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of mixed backgrounds, who spoke an Indo-Iranian language and shared, in a broad sense, a common culture. Early Alans The first mentions of names that historia capital)

SukhumiSukhumi is the capital of Abkhazia, a de facto independent state that is internationally recognised, however, as being part of Georgia. It has a population of 121,406 (1989). It is located on a wide bay of the Black Sea in western Georgia and serves as a ( AbkhaziaAbkhazia ( Abkhaz: Apsny, Georgian: Apkhazeti, Russian: ́) is a region of 8,600 km² in the Caucasus. It is formally an autonomous republic within Georgia but is de facto independent, although not recognised as such internationally. The capital is Sun capital)

In the CrimeaThe Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea Ukrainian transliteration: Avtonomna Respublika Krym Ukrainian: Russian: is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea. It was called Tauric or Scythian Che and Taman region --

Kerch (also called Bospor)

Feodosia

Mangup (also called Doros)

Samkarsh (also called Tmutorokan, Tamatarkha)

Sudak (also called Sugdaia)

In the Don valley --

Sarkel