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He began his long attachment to African subjects in 1941 after working as civil engineer supervising a construction project in Niger. However, shortly afterwards he returned to France to participate in the Resistance. After the war, he did a brief stint as a journalist with Agence France-Presse before returning to Africa where he become an influential ethnologist.
His films mostly belonged to the cinéma vérité school – a label that Rouch himself coined. Throughout his career, he used his camera to report on life in Africa. Over the course of five decades, he made almost 120 films.
He was killed in an automobile accident in February 2004, some 16 kilometres from the town of Birnin N'Konni in central Niger.