Imperial Japanese Navy The Opening Of Japan Meiji Restoration

Japan built her first ocean-going Western-style warships in the beginning of the 17th century, during her first period of contacts with the West. In 1614, the Daimyo of Sendai, in agreement with the Tokugawa Bakufu, built San Juan Bautista, a 500 ton galleon-type ship that transported a Japanese embassy to the Americas, which then continued to Europe. For the following two hundred years however, Japan chose a policy of seclusion, which prohibited the construction of ocean-going ships.

The study of Western shipbuilding resumed in the 1840s, and intensified together with the increased activity of Western shipping along the coasts of Japan, due to the China trade and the development of whaling. In 1852, the government of the Shogun, the Bakufu, fearing further foreign incursions, started the construction of the first post-seclusion Japanese Western-style warship, the Shohei Maru.

250px Kanrin MaruKanrin Maru (Japanese: ) was Japan's first sail and screw-driven steam warship. She was ordered in 1853 from Holland, the only country with which Japan had diplomatic relations throughout its period of Seclusion, by the Shogun's government, the Bakufu., Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, 1855Events Births January 5 King Camp Gillette, inventor († 1932) January 21 John Moses Browning, inventor († 1926) January 28 William Seward Burroughs, inventor of the calculator († 1898) March 13 Percival Lowell, astronomer († 19.

In 1854Events January 13 The accordion is patented by Anthony Faas. February 11 Major streets lit by coal gas for first time. February 14 Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas i, Commodore PerryMatthew Calbraith Perry ( April 10, 1794 March 4, 1858) was the Commodore of the U. Navy who forced the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854, under the threat of military force. Early Life and Naval Career Born in South Kin of the United States NavyThe United States Navy USN is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. Navy consists of slightly fewer than 300 ships and over 4,000 operational aircraft. It has over a half million men and women on active or ready re, obtained the opening of the country to international trade and the establishement of foreign concessions. From that time, the Tokugawa shogun government enforced an active policy of assimilation of Western naval techniques. A naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto, Admiral Togo, and later on Admiral Yamamoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki.

By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyo Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto.

2 Meiji Restoration onward

Kotetsu, Japan's first ironclad, 1869.

From 1868, the restored Meiji Emperor continued with massive reforms to industrialize and militarize Japan in order to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the United States and European powers. During the Meiji period, Japan relied heavily on British and French expertise and bought many ships from British and French shipyards. In 1869, Japan acquired its first ocean-going ironclad warship, the Kotetsu, barely ten years after such ships were first introduced in the West with the launch of the French La Gloire.

250px Hosho, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier in the world ( 1922)

Very quickly, Japan built up a strong national naval industry. The last major purchase was in 1913 when the battlecruiser Kongo was purchased from the Vickers shipyard.

Although Japan lacked many of the resources of the European powers of the time, by the beginning of the 20th century Japan had created a navy that bested the navies of both China and Russia ( Battle of Tsushima), and by 1920 it was the world's third largest navy.

The Japanese Navy was the first in the world to have a wireless communication system, used during the Battle of Tsushima.
In 1909 it launched the battleship Satsuma , at the time the largest ship in the world by displacement.
In terms of armament, it was the first navy to mount 15-, 16- and 18-inch guns.
In 1922 it launched the Hosho, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier in the world.

3 World War II

In the years before WW II the IJN began to structure itself specifically to fight the US. A long stretch of militaristic expansion and the start of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937 had alienated the US and America was seen more often as the enemy of Japan.

In order to combat the numerically superior American navy, the IJN devoted large amounts of resources to creating a force superior in quality to any navy at the time. Out of this effort came numerous achievements:

right Yamato, the largest battleship in history, in 1941.

Shells designed for penetration below the target ship's waterline.
The fabled Long Lance torpedo.
Superb night-fighting techniques.
Aircraft carriers, such as the Shokaku and Zuikaku, exceeding any in the world in performance and capability, until the wartime development of the American Essex-class aircraft carrier.
The I-400-class submarines, the largest submarines of World War II, and the only aircraft-carrying submarines ever.
A competent naval air force designed around the best fighter plane of the beginning of the war, the Mitsubishi Zero.
The Yamato, the largest and most heavily-armed battleship in history, launched in 1941.

Consequently, at the beginning of World War II, Japan probably had the most sophisticated Navy in the world.

Although the Japanese Navy enjoyed spectacular success during the first part of the hostilities, American forces ultimately managed to gain the upper hand through technological upgrades to its Air and Naval forces, and a vastly stronger industrial output. Japan's reluctance to use their submarine fleet for commerce raiding and failure to secure their communications also added to their defeat.

During the last phase of the war the Imperial Japanese Navy resorted to a series of desperate measures, including suicide Kamikaze actions.

4 Self-Defences Forces

Following Japan's surrender to the United States at the conclusion of World War II, and Japan's subsequent occupation, Japan's entire imperial military was dissolved in the new 1947 constitution which states, "The Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes."

Japan's current navy falls under the umbrella of the Self-Defense Forces (SDF).

5 Major actions

Battle of Yalu River (1894) (Naval victory over the Chinese)
Battle of Tsushima (1905 naval victory over the Russians)
Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7th, 1942 destruction of the USN Pacific Fleet)
Battle of the Coral Sea (Narrow victory against the US Navy)
Battle of Midway (IJN loses four carriers to USN aircraft attacks)
Battle of Guadalcanal (Location of seven great IJN-USN battles)
Battle of the Philippine Sea
Battle of Leyte Gulf

6 See also

7 References

"KAIGUN, Strategy, tactics and technology of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941",David C.Evans & Mark R.Peattie, Naval Insitute Press, Annapolis, Maryland [BooksEnthsiast.com]
"The origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy, Development and technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War", Christopher Howe, The University of Chicago Press [BooksEnthsiast.com]
"A Battle History of The Imperial Japanese Navy",Paul S. Dull

8 External links

Hiroshi Nishida's IJN site
Imperial Japanese Navy Page Best English-language site on the IJN. Highly recommended.

Imperial Japanese Navy

Major battles

List of ships

Main admirals

Imperial Japanese Navy Military of Japan Navies

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1 The opening of Japan