Irish (UK) General Election 1918 Background Changes In The

The aftermath of the elections saw the convention of an extra-legal parliament, called the First Dáil, by the elected Sinn Féin candidates, and the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence.

1 Background

In 1918 the whole of Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom and was represented in the British Parliament by about one hundred MPs. Whereas in Great Britain most elected politicians were members of either the Liberal Party or the Conservative Party, from 1882-1918 most Irish MPs were members of the Irish Parliamentary Party. The IPP favoured limited home rule for Ireland, achieved by a peaceful campaign for reform. This tactic managed to get a home rule law on the statute book, in the form of the Third Home Rule BillTo look at the Home Rule Bill 1912-1914 we must first look back to 1909. In this year the Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith faced a crisis. His budget had been rejected by the House of Lords. Then there were two general elections in 1910 in which Joh, but the implementation of this law was shelved with the outbreak of the First World War. In the meantime the more radical Sinn Féin grew in strength.

Sinn Féin was founded by Arthur GriffithArthur Griffith rt O Griobhtha in Irish) ( March 31, 1871 August 12, 1922) was the founder and first leader of Sinn Fein. He served as President of Dail Eireann from January to August 1922, and was head of the Irish delegation at the negotiations that pro in 1905Events January-April January 22 Massacre of Russian demonstrators at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, one of the triggers of the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905. January 26 The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa at the Premier. He believed that Irish nationalists should emulate HungarianThe Republic of Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. It is known locally as the Country of the Magyars or Magyarorszag''. Magyar Koztarsasag ( In Detail) ( Full s nationalists who, in the nineteenth centuryAlternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical ( 18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801- 1900. Events The Little Ice Age ended under Ferenc DeákDeak Ferenc ( October 17, 1803, Sojtor January 28, 1876, Budapest), was a Hungarian statesman, known as "The Wise Man of the Nation". He first went into politics in 1833 when he attended the assembly of Pressburg (now Bratislava) instead of his older brot, had chosen to boycott the imperial parliament in Vienna and unilaterally established their own legislature in Budapest. Griffith had favoured a peaceful solution based on joint monarchy with Britain. However by 1918, under its new leader Eamon de Valera, Sinn Féin had come to favour achieving separation from Britain by means of an armed uprising if necessary and the establishment of an independent republic. In the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising the party's ranks were swelled by participants in the rebellion as they were freed from British gaols and at its 1917 Ard Fheis (annual conference) De Valera was elected leader and the new, more radical policy adopted.

Prior to 1916 Sinn Féin had been a fringe movement and enjoyed little electoral success. However between the Easter Rising of that year and the 1918 general election the party's popularity increased dramatically. This was due to the perceived failure of the IPP, but also popular antagonism towards the British authorities created by the execution of most of the leaders of the 1916 rebels and by a botched attempt to introduce military conscription in Ireland.

Sinn Féin demonstrated its new electoral capability in three by-election successes in 1917 in which Count Plunkett, W.T. Cosgrave and De Valera were each elected, although it did not win all by-elections in that year and in at least one case there were allegations of electoral fraud¹. Overall, however, the party would benefit from a number of factors in the 1918 elections.

1.1 Changes in the electorate

The Irish electorate in 1918, as with the entire electorate throughout the United Kingdom, had changed in two major ways since the preceding general election. Firstly, because of the intervening 'Great War' ( World War I), which had been fought from 1914 to 1918, the British general election due in 1915 had not taken place. As a result, no election took place between 1910 and 1918, the longest such spell in modern British and Irish constitutional history. Thus the 1918 elections saw dramatic generational change. In particular:

All voters between the voting age of 21 and 29 were first time general election voters. They had no history of past voter loyalty to the IPP to fall back on, and indeed had begun their political awareness in the period of 8 years that had seen a bitter world war, the home rule controversy and the Easter Rising and its aftermath.
A generation of older voters, most of them IPP supporters, had died in the eight year period.

Secondly, the franchise had been greatly extended by the 1918 Representation of the People Act . This increased the Irish electorate from around 700 thousand to about two million. It also granted voting rights to women (albeit only those with property over thirty-five) for the first time.

Overall, a new generation of young voters, the disappearance of much of the oldest generation of voters, and the sudden influx of women over thirty-five, meant that vast numbers of new voters of unknown voter affiliation existed, changing dramatically the makeup of the Irish electorate.

1.2 Political factors

Since the last general election in 1910 the local organisation of the previously dominant IPP, unchallenged for nearly a decade, had atrophied at worst and was largely elderly at best, making its defence of its seats difficult.
The electorate had become enamoured to Sinn Féin by the harsh response of the authorities to the Easter Rising. The party also took most of the credit for the successful campaign to prevent the introduction of conscription.
In contrast to the IPP Sinn Féin could be seen as a young and radical force. Its leaders were young politicians, such as Michael Collins (28) and De Valera (36), like most of the new voters, whereas the IPP was led by leaders such as John Dillon, who had been in public office since the 1880s and were largely elderly and still campaigning for home rule, as they had been since the 1870s under Isaac Butt. Therefore, whereas Sinn Féin represented change and a radical new policy for achieving Irish self-government, the IPP was still campaigning for the same issue as it has done for nearly fifty years. By 1918 home rule had come to be seen as an idea whose time had come and gone.

2 The election

Voting in most Irish constituencies occurred on 14th December. While the rest of the United Kingdom fought the 'Khaki election' on other issues involving the British parties, in Ireland four major political parties had national appeal. These were the IPP, Sinn Féin, the Irish Unionist Party and the Irish Labour Party. The Labour Party, however, decided not to take participate in the election, fearing that it would be caught in the political crossfire between the IPP and Sinn Féin; it thought it better to let the people make up their minds on the issue of home rule versus a republic by having a clear two way choice between the two nationalist parties. The Unionist Party favoured continuance of the union with Britain and was supported by the Labour Unionist Party. A number of other small nationalist parties also took part.

In Ireland 105 MPs were elected from 103 constituencies. Ninety-nine seats were elected from single seat constituencies under the Single Member Plurality or 'first past the post' system. However the were also two two seat constituencies: Dublin University ( Trinity College) elected two MPs under the Single Transferable Vote and Cork City elected two MPs under the Bloc voting system.

In addition to ordinary geographical constituencies there were three university constituencies: Queen's University and the University of Dublin (which would return three Unionist MPs), and the National University of Ireland (which would elect a member of Sinn Féin).

Of the 105 seats in Ireland many were uncontested. In some cases this was clearly because there was a certain winner, and the rival parties decided against devoting their money and effort to unwinnable seats. However there were also allegations that republican militants had threatened potential candidates and their families to discourage non-Sinn Féin candidates from running. For whatever reason, in the 73 constituencies in which Sinn Féin candidates were elected 25 were returned without a contest.

3 Results

Sinn Féin candidates were elected in 73 constituencies but three party candidates (Arthur Griffith, Eamon de Valera and Liam Mellows ) were elected for two constituencies and so the total number of individual Sinn Féin MPs elected was actually seventy. Despite allegations of intimidation and electoral fraud on the part of Sinn Féin supporters, the election was seen as a landslide victory for the party.

The party returned to the second largest number of seats was the Irish Unionist Party with 22 seats. The success of the Unionists was largely limited to the six counties of north-east Ulster, however, and in the rest of Ireland Unionists were elected only in the constituencies of the University of Dublin and Rathmines.

The IPP suffered a catastrophic defeat and even its leader, John Dillon, failed to be re-elected. The IPP won six seats in Ireland but was represented in parliament by seven MPs because a single IPP candidate won election in the English city of Liverpool. Nonetheless, the IPP's losses were exagerated by the first-past-the-post system which gave it a share of seats far short of its rather larger share of the vote.

Party	Seats (No.)	Seats (%)	Votes (No.)	Votes (%)²
Sinn Féin	73	69.5	476,087	46.9²
Irish Unionists	22	20.9	257,314	25.3
IPP	6	5.7	220,837	21.7
Labour Unionists³	3	2.8	30,304	3.0
Independent Unionists	1	0.95	9,531	0.9
Labour Party³	-	-	12,164	1.2
Independent nationalists	-	-	8,183	0.8
Independent labour	-	-	659	0.1
Independents	-	-	436	0.0

4 Aftermath and legacy

After the election the elected Sinn Féin candidates, although entitled to sit as MPs in the British parliament, chose to boycott the Westminster body and instead assembled as a revolutionary parliament they called "Dáil Éireann": the Irish for "Assembly of Ireland". However Unionists and members of the IPP refused to recognise the Dáil. At its first meeting on 21st January, 1919 the Dáil issued a Declaration of Independence and proclaimed itself the parliament of new a state called the " Irish Republic".

On the same day, in unconnected circumstances, two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary were ambushed and killed at Soloheadbeg , in Tipperary, by members of the Irish Volunteers. Although it had not ordered this incident the course of events soon drove the Dáil to recognise the Volunteers as the army of the Irish Republic and the ambush as an act of war against Great Britain. The Volunteers therefore changed their name, in August, to the Irish Republican Army. In this way the 1918 elections lead to the outbreak of the War of Independence.

The train of events set in motion by the elections would eventually bring about the first internationally recognised independent Irish state, in the Irish Free State established in 1922. Furthermore the leaders of the Sinn Féin candidates elected in 1918, such as De Valera, Michael Collins and W.T. Cosgrave, came to dominate Irish politics. De Valera, for example, held at least some form of elected office from his first election as an MP in a by-election in 1917 until 1973. The two major parties in the Republic of Ireland today, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, are both descendents of Sinn Féin, a party that first enjoyed substantial electoral success in 1918.

5 Question of interpretation

The correct interpretation of the results of the 1918 general election has been the subject of some controversy. This is because Sinn Féin treated the result as a mandate from the Irish people to immediately set about establishing an independent, all-Ireland state, and to initiate a war of separation from Great Britain.

In 1921, under the Government of Ireland Act, Ireland was divided into two separate jurisdictions: Northern Ireland and a southern jurisdiction that would eventually become the modern Republic of Ireland. 1918 was therefore the last occasion on which a general election occurred across the whole of Ireland, north and south, on the same day. For this reason many radical republicans have regarded the election as conferring a mandate for a united Ireland that was still undistinguished over eighty years later. Indeed the 1918 general election has become a potent symbol for militant republicans who have argued that the elections conferred legitimacy both on the anti-Treaty faction in the Irish Civil War of 1922- 1923 and on the violent campaigns of later groups such as the Provisional IRA that were still continuing many decades later.

Critics of these interpretations make a number of arguments. Some question the legitimacy of the original mandate won by Sinn Féin. It is argued that Sinn Féin practiced widespread intimidation and electoral fraud and that this called the result into question. Some also argue that the use of the first-past-the-post electoral system and/or the large number of uncontested constituencies exaggerated the effect of the pro-Sinn Féin vote so that, while the party won around 70% of the total number of Irish seats, its share of the vote may have been less than 50% and so not have amounted to a majority.

In fact, because of the large number of uncontested constituencies, it is impossible to know with certainty what share of the vote Sinn Féin would have won had all seats been contested. However, this has not stopped some historians attempting to speculate, for example by extrapolating from the vote counts in constituencies neighbouring those that were uncontested ⁴.

Unionists argue from a different perspective. They insist that, regardless of the result, no election result considered on an all-Ireland basis could justify the imposition of a united Ireland on the Unionist minority in the north-east. Some point to the fact that Unionists won a majority share of the vote, in both the historical northern province of Ulster and in the six counties that would later become Northern Ireland, to argue that the 1918 election in fact established a mandate for the north-east, at least, to remain within the United Kingdom.

Other arguments, leaving aside the immediate politics of 1918, dispute the capacity of any 1918 mandate for a united Ireland to legitimise acts of violence committed in later history. Although the 1918 general election was the last held throughout the whole of Ireland on a single day in every election held since 1921 candidates advocating violent resistance to the partition of Ireland have fallen far short of winning a majority in either part of Ireland. It is also observed that an all-Ireland election occurred in 1994 in the form of the European Parliament election of that year, and in that election neither Sinn Féin nor any other militant republican party won a seat.

In 1998 both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland voted on the same day in referenda on the Good Friday Agreement. Voters in both jurisdictions endorsed the agreement which, among many other provisions, enshrined the principle that a united Ireland should only be brought about by peaceful, constitutional means.

6 Prominent candidates

6.1 Elected unopposed

Arthur Griffith (SF) Cavan East (also won Tyrone North East in a contest)
Eamon de Valera (SF) Clare East
Terence McSwiney (SF) Cork County Mid
Michael Collins (SF) Cork County South
Sean Hayes (SF) Cork County West
Liam Mellows (SF) Galway East (also won Meath North in a contest)
Pierce Beaslai (SF) Kerry East
Austin Stack (SF) Kerry West
W.T. Cosgrave (SF) Kilkenny North
Patrick MacCartan (SF) King's County⁴
Count Plunkett (SF) Roscommon North

6.2 Elected in contests

Robert William Hugh O'Neill (Unionist Party) Antrim Mid
Rt Hon. Sir Edward Carson (UP) Belfast Duncairn
Joseph Devlin (IPP) Belfast Falls
Samuel McGuffin (LUP) Belfast Shankhill
Sir James Craig (UP) Down Mid
Jeriamiah MacVeagh (IPP) Down South
Sean T. O'Kelly (SF) Dublin City College Green
Desmond FitzGerald (SF) Dublin County Pembroke
Sir Maurice Dockrell (UP) Dublin County Rathmines
Joseph McGrath (SF) Dublin City St. James's
Countess Markievicz (SF) Dublin City St. Patrick's
Sir Robert Woods (UP) University of Dublin
Padraic Ó Maille (SF) Galway Connemara
Frank Fahy (SF) Galway South
Domhnall Ua Buachalla (SF) Kildare North
Professor Eoin MacNeill (SF) Londonderry city (also elected for the National University of Ireland)
Hugh Anderson (IPP) Londonderry county North
Denis Stanislaus Henry (IPP) Londonderry county South
Ernest Blythe (SF) Monaghan North
Seán MacEntee (SF) Monaghan South
Kevin O'Higgins (SF) Queen's County⁵
Harry Boland (SF) Roscommon South
Captain Willie Redmond (IPP) Waterford city
Cathal Brugha (SF) Waterford county
Laurence Ginnell (SF) Westmeath
Dr. James Ryan (SF) Wexford South
Robert Childers Barton (SF) Wicklow West

6.3 Defeated

John Dillon, MP, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party.

7 Footnotes

On one occasion the 'victory' of a Sinn Féin candidate is said to have been achieved through putting a gun to the head of a returning officer and telling him to "check again" when he was about to announce an IPP victory. On doing a 'recheck' the official 'found' a new uncounted ballot papers in which votes were cast for the Sinn Féin candidate.
The percentage of votes given is a percentage of the total number of votes cast and therefore does not take into account the preferences of voters in constituencies where no contest occurred. It is impossible to know with certainty what the final shares of votes cast might have been had all constituencies been contested.
Some Labour candidates did run in the election, even though the Labour Party itself opted not to.
See for example The Irish Election of 1918, a paper by Nicholas Whyte discussing the level of support for Sinn Féin that can be inferred from the 1918 election results; from Northern Ireland ELECTIONS.
King's County is now known as County Offaly.
Queen's County is now known as County Laois (old spelling, 'Leix').

8 See also

9 Additional reading

Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins
Tim Pat Coogan, Eamon de Valera
F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine
Dorothy MacCardle, The Irish Republic
Brian Walker, Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922

History of Ireland 1801-1922 Elections in Ireland UK General Election results

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