Irish Republicanism History Irish Republicanism In Independent

Between 1169 and 1921 Ireland was periodically ruled by England; after 1603 Ireland became firmly under English rule as a colony. In 1801, it became part of the United Kingdom. Protestant policing methods against Irish Catholics in the northern province of Ulster during the 17th and 18th centuries, segregationSegregation means separation. Its specific meaning varies with the context. Human rights: Racial segregation is the separation of humans according to race. Sex segregation is the separation of humans according to gender. Biology: The separation of homolog on religious grounds, discriminationTo discriminate is to make a distinction. There are several meanings of the word, including statistical discrimination, or the actions of a circuit called a discriminator. This article addresses the most common meaning of the word, social, racial, religio against the Roman Catholic faithThis article discusses faith in a religious context. For other uses, see faith (disambiguation). The best starting point, before digging into subjective human associations with the heavily-loaded word, is reviewing the very simple dictionary definitions o and discrimination against Irish culture and the Irish languageIrish Gaeilge is a Goidelic language spoken in Ireland. The language is sometimes referred to in English as Gaelic ( SAMPA: /"geIlIk/), Irish Gaelic or Erse but is more generally referred to in Ireland as the Irish language or simply Irish . Use of the te among many other things led to Irish resistanceResistance can mean one of: electrical resistance antibiotic resistance resistance to a disease (see related subject immunology) a political resistance movement geological resistance fluid resistance thermal resistance. to British rule.

1 History

At first, Irish nationalists who advocated renewed independence from England either were in favour of an independent Ireland retaining the British monarchy (like Canada and Australia) if they were "moderates" or if they were "radicals" favoured reviving the Irish monarchy. The republican revolutions in France and America during the late 18th century influenced young Irish men and women, leading to the nationalist movement becoming predominantly republican.

After the Act of Union in 1801 merging Ireland with Britain into the U.K., Irish independence movements were brutally suppressed by the British. Nationalist rebellions against British rule were followed by harsh reprisals by British forces and protestant loyalists. In 1916 a large scale rebellion was launched in Dublin against English rule, this became known as the Easter Rising. Even though the rebellion failed and most of its leaders including James Connolly were executed by the British, it was to be a turning point in history signalling the end of British rule in Ireland.

From 1919-1921 a newly organized guerrilla army, the IRA ( Irish Republican Army) led by General Michael Collins fought a brilliant campaign against British forces. During the Anglo-Irish War (or War of Irish Independence) the British sent paramilitary troops called " Black and Tans" to help the beleaguered British army and police. The Black and Tans committed horrific atrocities against captured POWs and Irish civillians viewed as being sympathetic to the IRA, the most infamous of all their actions being the burning of half the city of Cork in 1920. These Black and Tan attrocities, together with the popularity of Micheal Collins, and British repression of Irish Republican political parties, led to widespread support across Ireland for the Irish rebels.

In 1921 the British government of David Lloyd George negotiated a treaty with General Collins and the other republican leaders, ending the war. The peace treaty split Ireland into two states: the first, the Irish Free State, an independent country which retained the English monarchy (like Canada), made up of 26 of the country's 32 counties. The second state was made up of the remaining northern six counties in the province of Ulster, which had a small majority of Protestants (descendants of the British "settlers"), which formed Northern Ireland. These counties remained part of the United Kingdom, thus the U.K.'s official name was changed from the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".

2 Irish Republicanism in independent Ireland (the Irish Free State or Republic of Ireland)

Many Irish republicans were enraged by the treaty. Eamon de Valera, who had led the IRA's provisional government during the war, led the opponents of the treaty, whilst William Cosgrave (viewed as a conservative moderate) led the pro-treaty faction in the IRA. Cosgrave was elected the first Prime Minister of the Irish Free State in 1922 and shortly afterwards a civil war began between the new Irish government and the radical Anti-Treaty faction in the IRA. Most of the IRA supported the treaty with the U.K. and thus became the Free State's official army, whilst the small Anti-Treaty faction simply became known as the IRA.

By 1923 the war was over and the new IRA had lost to government forces. The murder of Michael Collins and terror tactics used by the rebels led the public to support the government. Though many across the country were still unhappy with the treaty, during the Anglo-Irish war, the IRA had fought for independence for all of the island nation, including the 6 counties in the north and for a republic, not an independent dominion within the British crown. Michael Collins and William Cosgrave had supported the compromise with the British because after 3 years of war, thousands had died and both sides were in a stalemate, so they came to the conclusion that the only way to achieve a united Irish republic, would be to compromise with the British and then slowly through political means reunite with the north and replace the British monarchy with a republican form of government.

De Valera who had led the rebellion against the Cosgrave government reformed his views while in jail and disassociated himself from the now maverick IRA. He formed a moderate nationalist party called the Fianna Fáil (Soldiers of Destiny) led by himself and other war veterans. In 1932 he was elected Prime Minister of Ireland and began a slow process of turning the country from a constitutional monarchy to a constitutional republic. In 1937 the Irish Constitution was written by the De Valera government; the Irish language was given legal status over English for the first time in centuries, the government claimed ownership of Northern Ireland and replaced the British King as Ireland's head of state with an elected Irish President. However officially Ireland was a republic in every way except in name, technically the country was still considered a British "dominion" like Canada, Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa.

The long struggle to make Ireland a fully independent republic finally ended in 1948 when the Republic was proclaimed. The Republic of Ireland still did not include Northern Ireland, but had no political connection with Britain or The Commonwealth. In 1955 the Republic joined the United Nations and in 1973 joined the European Economic Community (now the European Union) in a move designed to bring Ireland closer to other European nations and keep a strong distance from the U.K. Irish sentiment was so Anti-British that during World War II, although the Irish government supported the Allied war effort with economic assistance, officially the Irish Free State was neutral and stayed out of the war.

After independence most of the very small community of British Protestant loyalists who had lived in the country fled to either Northern Ireland or Britain. Thus there has never been any Pro-British monarchist sentiment in Ireland, although there are some Irish monarchists who have argued for replacing the republic with one of the original Irish royal families (the O'Neills, O'Connors or O'Briens). Today all of the dominant political parties in the Republic of Ireland both left wing and right wing call themselves republican.

2.1 Republican parties in Ireland

Fianna Fáil - Translation: Soldiers of Destiny. The socially conservative, economically liberal governing party of Ireland. Fine Gael - Translation: United Gaels. The main opposition to the government, created by a merger of right wing conservative, anti-Fianna Fáil groups in 1934. Sinn Fein - Translation: We Ourselves. Left wing nationalist party, the oldest existing party in Ireland, and now the fastest growing in support. Irish Labour Party - a social-democratic party. Progressive Democrats- A right wing neo-liberal party.

3 Republicanism in Northern Ireland

After 1921, Ireland was divided into two states and most of the country became part of the independent Irish Free State. However, the six counties in Ulster with a loyalist Protestant majority and a republican Catholic minority remained British. The new state of Northern Ireland had its own provincial government which was dominated by the conservative Protestant Ulster Unionist Party (UUP). The province's election system at that time was designed to favour areas with large Protestant populations and give less representation to areas with a large Catholic population.

The Irish Catholic population in N.Ireland besides feeling politically alienated was also economically alienated with far worse living standards compared to their Protestant neighbours, with less job opportunities and was primarily crammed into ghettos in Belfast, Londonderry (called Derry by Catholics), Armagh and other places. To most Irish Catholics the loyalist UUP government was undemocratic, bigoted and entirely favoured Ulster Protestants. The IRA which was officially dissolved and incorporated into the Irish Free State's Army after 1922, was reorganized by radical republicans opposed to the peace treaty between Ireland and the U.K. and to the Irish and British governments. They believed that the only way to achieve reunification of Ireland was a violent campaign against the British in Northern Ireland.

During the 1930s the IRA launched minor attacks against the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC- Northern Ireland police force consisting almost entirely out of Protestants) and British army in Northern Ireland, however most of their efforts were focused in the Irish Free State against the Blue Shirts . The Blue Shirts were an armed fascist group led by a former IRA leader during the Anglo-Irish War, General Eoin O'Duffy. O'Duffy had supported the treaty with the British that ended the war, but had disagreed with the moderate policies of Cosgrave and De Valera, and looked over to Fascist Italy as an example for Ireland to follow.

During the Great Depression years of the 1930s, Irish Republicans and Blue Shirts clashed in very violent street battles over control of the radical nationalist movement. Though for a while the fascist blue shirts had some support in the Free State, they were never really able to create any base of support among ultra-nationalist Irish Catholics in the north who strongly favoured the IRA. During WWII, the IRA despite its republican and anti-fascist leanings worked with Nazi Germany in a plot to overthrow Eamon de Valera in the Free State and get the British out of the north. However the plot didn't have any real results; at the most the IRA was able to help German spies hiding from the British.

From 1921-1945 most Irish Catholics opposed British rule, though were not strong supporters of the IRA. Instead Irish civil rights groups modelled themselves on their emerging counterparts in the U.S., and moderate liberal nationalist lobby groups used passive methods to try and end British rule in Northern Ireland. However during the 1950s the IRA was able to launch a border campaign from the Republic of Ireland against British targets in the north. At that time militant loyalist terrorist groups also started to emerge among the protestant community. The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) was the first. The UVF had originally existed among loyalist Ulster Protestants during World War I to oppose Catholic Republicans, but became defunct after 1921. In the late 50s it was relaunched by militant loyalists to oppose any attempt to reunite N.Ireland with the Irish Republic or end British rule.

The UVF engaged in attacks against the IRA, the IRA engaged in attacks against the UVF, RUC (police) and British Army, while the British attempted to target Irish nationalists both militant and peaceful. In the 1960s the violence in Northern Ireland exploded. It deteriorated to such an extent that after 1969 the British had to declare a state of emergency and move a large number of troops into the province. In 1969, militant loyalists threatened to attack a Roman Catholic ghetto in West Belfast, and thousands of British forces were deployed throughout the city to prevent this. This made British forces at first popular with Catholic residents, however after British troops began arresting suspected IRA-members and generally targeting all nationalists, that support quickly faded.

Divisions began to emerge in the Republican movement between leftists and conservatives. The leader of the IRA, Cathal Goulding believed that the IRA could not beat the British with military tactics and should turn into a revolutionary movement that would overthrow the Irish government, than retake the north (after WWII the IRA no longer engaged in any actions in the Republic). Goulding also drove the IRA into an ideologically Marxist-Leninist direction which attracted idealistic young supporters in the Republic, but alienated and angered most of the IRA's core supporters in Northern Ireland. Most of the IRA's membership were either traditional social-conservatives, or socialists or other left-wingers and also felt alienated.

The argument led to a split in 1970, between the Official IRA (marxist members loyal to Goulding) and the Provisional IRA (also called Provos, the vast majority of the IRA who were non-communist). The Provos were led by Sean Macstiofain and immediately began a large scale terrorist campaign against the loyalist groups and British forces in Northern Ireland, while the Official IRA launched a few attacks (mainly against the Provos, the British forces and now the Irish government) but for the most part began becoming more of a radical political party than a rebel army. In 1972, the Official IRA declared a permanent cease-fire and was dissolved by Cathal Goulding who founded the Irish Worker's Party . After that and up to today the Provisional IRA has simply been known as the IRA.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s the conflict continued claiming thousands of lives, with the UVF (and other loyalist groups) extending attacks into the Republic of Ireland and the IRA launching attacks on targets in Britain. However some things slowly began to change, Sinn Fein (the IRA's political ally) by the 1980s was taking part in the political process and by the mid 1990s was representing the IRA at peace negotiations. In the loyalist movement splits occurred, the Ulster Unionist Party made attempts to reform itself and attract Irish Catholics into supporting Northern Ireland's union with Britain, while the radical Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) led by Rev. Ian Paisley began attracting working class Protestant loyalists who felt alienated by the UUP's overtures towards Catholics. The UDA ( Ulster Defence Association) became strongly associated with the DUP.

In 1994 N. Ireland's two most important nationalists, Gerry Adams, the leader of Sinn Fein and John Hume, the leader of the SDLP (Irish Social-Democratic Labour Party) entered into peace negotiations with loyalist leaders like David Trimble of the UUP and the British government. At the table most of the terrorist paramilitaries (including the IRA and UVF) had representatives. This caused new splits in the republican movement with a very small minority of IRA members viewing negotiations with the British as a betrayal, led by former Sinn Fein leader Rauri O'Bradaigh they left the IRA and formed the Continuity IRA (CIRA). In 1998 when the IRA endorsed the Good Friday Agreement between Nationalist and Loyalist parties and rebel groups, another small group left to form the Real IRA (RIRA). The Continuity and Real IRA have both engaged in attacks not only against the British and loyalists, but even against their fellow republicans (members of Sinn Fein, the SDLP and IRA).

Since 1998, the IRA and UVF have adhered to a ceasefire. However on the loyalist side the UDA and radical splinter groups that left the UVF after it endorsed the Good Friday Agreement (like the Ulster Loyalist Front - ULF) have continued fighting both with republicans and between themselves.

Today the Republican movement can be divided into moderates who wish to reunite with the Republic through peaceful means and radicals who wish to continue a violent revolution.

3.1 Moderate parties

Sinn Féin is Northern Ireland's biggest nationalist party and the fastest growing in all of Ireland. Represents a mixture of progressive, socialist and conservative political views. Led by Gerry Adams, it also has a counterpart in the Republic of Ireland of the same name. The party was first formed in 1905 by Arthur Griffith from nationalists disenchanted with the pacifist Irish Party . The party led Ireland's provisional government during the Anglo-Irish War but disagreed with the the 1921 treaty with the U.K. and walked out of parliament becoming a "rebel" group. Eamon de Valera and many of its other members eventually abandoned the party and moved onto more moderate groups like the Fianna Fáil. However after the 1950s, even though Sinn Fein did not take part in either Irish or British elections at that time, their popularity began to grow during " The Troubles" of the 1960s, 70s and 80s. After 1981 they reversed their original policy of not taking part in elections and began to take part in elections in both the U.K. and Ireland. By the early 1990s they had replaced the SDLP as Northern Ireland's main nationalist, republican and Catholic voice. They currently hold a small number of seats in the British parliament, a modest number in the Irish parliament, and a large number in Northern Ireland's provincial assembly. SDLP - Irish Social Democratic and Labour Party, or Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre in Irish. Formed in the 1960s the SDLP replaced Sinn Fein as Northern Ireland's main nationalist party, it associated itself entirely with the Catholic Civil Rights movement and was strongly opposed to the tactics of the IRA even in response to Loyalist and British actions. However in the 1980s Sinn Fein began to re-emerge as an important political force under the leadership of Rauri O'Bradaigh and Gerry Adams. Some critics even assert that the SDLP's position on a United Ireland is deeply ambiguous, in an attempt to retain the support of northern Catholics who are in favour of the United Kingdom but not Unionist parties. The party is today led by John Hume and tries to model itself on other social-democratic parties (like those in Ireland, Sweden, France, and Germany). The SDLP, unlike Sinn Fein has no political counterpart in the Republic of Ireland, is strongly allied to the Irish Labour Party. Workers' Party of Ireland - Small nationalist group that evolved from Sinn Fein. After the IRA split in 1970 between non-communists (the Provos) and communists (the so-called "Official IRA), Sinn Fein split as well between marxists who supported Cathal Goulding and the Official IRA and non-marxists who supported Sean Macstiofain and the Provisional IRA. In 1972 after a 2 year minor campaign of terrorism, Goulding dissolved the marxist Official IRA and the Official Sinn Fein to create the Irish Workers Party. The Provisional IRA and Provisional Sinn Fein simply became known as the IRA and Sinn Fein and have been known as that ever since. The Workers Party engaged in a Marxist-Leninist platform stressing "class revolution" as well as national reunification hoping to attract lower class Catholics in Northern Ireland away from Sinn Fein, and lower class Protestants away from the loyalist parties of the Far Right. However their efforts yielded absolutely no success as the Workers Party has never had any success at the polls. Goulding was respected by some as a dedicated nationalist, but after his death in 1998 the party's future became very unclear. However they do still take an active part in elections both for the Republic of Ireland's Dail Eirrean ( Irish Assembly ) and the N. Ireland Assembly, however not for the U.K. parliament.

3.2 Radical parties

Republican Sinn Féin Does not take part in elections in either the Republic of Ireland or United Kingdom because it views both governments as illegitimate. It speaks for the Continuity IRA, whose goals are the overthrow of British rule in Northern Ireland, reunification of the country, and then overthrow of the Irish government. They are sometimes called the " Green Book" IRA because their political manifesto heavily resembles that of Libyan leader Muamar al Qadhafi. And they are known to have political ties with the government of Libya. They are led by former Sinn Fein leader Rauri O'Bradiagh who led radicals in a break with Sinn Fein in 1994 to create the party. Irish Republican Socialist Party- Originally the party of Irish-socialist rebel James Connolly during the early 20th century, the IRSP was reborn by Seamus Costello in 1974. Costello led other former Official IRA members disatisfied with Goulding's policies and tactics.

The party quickly organized a paramilitary wing called the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) which is still operating today. It claims to follow the principles of Republican Socialism set out by the 1916 rebellion leaders, James Connolly and Jim Larkin.

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