1.1 Origin of the name

In recent years, the naming of U.S. military operations has been the source of some controversy, both internationally and domestically (see Operation Enduring Freedom). At the time operations to depose Noriega were being planned, U.S. military operations were given randomly-generated names. Just Cause was planned under the name Blue Spoon, and the invasion itself incorporated elements of the Nifty Package and Acid Gambit plans. The name Blue Spoon was later changed to Just Cause for aesthetic and public relations reasons.

2 Reasons for the invasion

On the morning of December 20, a few hours after the start of the operation, President Bush made a short statement listing four reasons for the invasion:

• Safeguarding the lives of American residents of Panama. As Bush indicated in his statement, Noriega had declared that a state of war existed between the United States and Panama. Noriega, morever had publicly threatened the lives of the approximately 35,000 Americans resident in Panama and indeed one American had been killed a few days earlier and several incidents of harassment of Americans had taken place.

• Defending democracy and human rights in Panama. Earlier that year Noriega had nullified presidential elections which had been won by candidates from opposition parties. In addition, a report by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights concluded that numerous human rights violations ocurred in Panama during Noriega's government [Report on the situation of human rights in Panama. November 9, 1989].

• Combating drug trafficking. Panama had become a center for drug money laundering and a transit point for drug trafficking to the United States and Europe. Noriega had been singled out for direct involvement in these drug trafficking operations.

• Protecting the integrity of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties. Members of congress and others in the American political establishment believed that Noriega threatened the neutrality of the Panama Canal and that the United States had the right under the treaties to intervene militarily to protect the canal.

After the invasion, governments throughout Latin America, including the government of Chile headed by Augusto Pinochet which was generally supportive of United States policies, issued statements condemning the invasion and calling for the immediate withdrawal of U. S. troops. One of the reasons Bush gave to justify the invasion, the reestablishment of democracy in Panama was widely viewed with suspicion, since the United States was perceived throughout Latin America as one of the primary destabilizers of other democratically elected governments in the region. In the recent past, the United States had shown little concern for well-publicized human rights violations in other Latin American countries with right-wing governments such as Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and El Salvador. Moreover Noriega was considered to be a former puppet of the United States who had cooperated with American efforts to destabilize the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. The drug trafficking charges levelled against him were regarded as a thin veneer to disguise other intentions, such as the reestablishment of military bases in Panama or even the overturning the Torrijos-Carter treaties themselves. These fears had some credibility, since it was widely known there was considerable opposition within the United States Congress to handing the canal over to Panama by the year 2000 as required by the treaties.

3 Aftermath

The Guillermo Endara government designated the second anniversary of the U.S. invasion a "national day of reflection". Agence France-Presse reported that hundreds of Panamanians marked the day with a 'black march' through the streets of this capital to denounce the U.S. invasion and the Endara economic policies. It also echoed claims that U.S. troops had killed 3,000 people, and buried many corpses in mass graves or had thrown them into the sea, though these claims are disputed in Panama. One notorious aftereffect of the invasion was nearly two weeks of widespread looting and lawlessness, a contingency which the United States military apparently had not anticipated. This looting inflicted catastrophic losses on many Panamanian businesses, some of which took several years to recover. Some businesses attempted unsuccessfully to sue the United States government in American courts. Residents that lost property in the Chorillo fire were later compensated by the United States, according to American officials.

After Noriega's ouster, Panama has had three presidential elections, with candidates from opposing parties succeeding each other in the Palacio de las Garzas. Panama also has an unforgiving, if not rowdy press. While Panama's GDP recovered by 1993, very high unemployment remained a serious problem. This could be attributed to numerous other causes unrelated to its political environment post-Noriega, including the debt crisis of Mexico in 1994- 1995, severe recession in Latin America throughout the 1990s, and the Asian financial crisis.

4 American units involved in the operation

• 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized)
• 7th Infantry Division (Light)
• 75th Ranger Regiment
• 82nd Airborne Division
• 193rd Infantry Brigade
• CSAR
• Delta Force
• Marine Corps Light Armored Infantry (LAI) Company
• Military Police
• Navy SEALs
• Night Stalkers
• Special Forces (Green Berets)
• XVIII Airborne Corps

5 Related operations

• Operation Blade Jewel - initiative to exercise U.S. freedom of movement rights by reinforcing the forward deployed U.S. forces.
• Operation Nimrod Sustain - continued augmentation with rotating units.
• Operation Purple Storm
• Operation Prayer Book
• Operation Sand Flea

6 External links

• 1989 REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN PANAMA by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights describes human rights violations by the Noriega regime before Operation Just Cause
• "The Panama Deception" - Academy Award-winning documentary (1993)
• How Television Sold the Panama Invasion - Extra!, January 1990; a publication of the media watch group, FAIR.
• Panama: Background of U.S. Invasion of 1989 - historical timeline
• Operation Just Cause - an excerpt from Deterring Democracy, by Noam Chomsky.
• Tactical map of Operation Just Cause

7 References

• New York Times, December 21, 1989, A Transcript of President Bush's Address on the Decision to Use Force.

• New York Times, December 21, 1989,For a Panamanian, Hope and Tragedy, Roberto Eisenmann. (Opinion piece)

• New York Times, December 21, 1989, U.S.Denounced by Nations Touchy About Intervention, James Brooke.

• Hagemeister, Stacy & Solon, Jenny. Operation Just Cause: Lessons Learned – Volume I, II & III (Bulletin No. 90-9). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Center for Army Lessons Learned – US Army Combined Arms Command. October, 1990.