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Home > Interpretation of quantum mechanics


Quantum mechanics as a physical theory has been very successful in predicting experimental results. However it becomes philosophically troublesome

once it is mathematically demonstrated that it cannot have all of the properties that one would inituitively expect for it to have.

One intuitively would like a physical theory

However, Bell's theorem appears to prevent quantum mechanics from having all of these properties. Whether or not the real world is local and deterministic is another matter. The possiblity that quantum mechanics is simply wrong has still not been completely ruled out by the Bell test experiments.

At first glance all of the interpretations of quantum mechanics appear to produce the same physical results, which makes distinguishing between them on the basis of experiment to be impossible. Nevertheless, there is active research in attempting to come up with experimental tests which would allow differences between the interpretations to be experimentally tested.

Some of the most common interpretations are summarized here:

Interpretation Deterministic? Waveform real? One Universe? Avoids
hidden variables?
Local? Avoids
collapsing wavefunctions?
Transactional interpretation Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Copenhagen interpretation
(Waveform not real)
No No Yes Yes No Yes
Copenhagen interpretation
(Waveform real)
No Yes Yes Yes No No
Consistent Histories No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Consciousness causes collapse No Yes Yes Yes No No
Everett many-worlds interpretation Yes Yes No Yes* Yes Yes
Bohm interpretation Yes No Yes No No Yes


*Many Worlds has no hidden variables, except for the multiple worlds themselves.

Each interpretation has many variants. It is very difficult to get a precise definition of the Copenhagen Interpretation — in the table above, two variants of the Copenhagen Interpretation are shown — one that regards the waveform as being a tool for calculating probabilties only, and the other regards the waveform as an "element of reality". There is doubt over the validity of the Copenhagen and Many-Worlds interpretations, due to Shahriar Afshar's experiment, a variation of the two-pin-hole "which way" experiment.

1 See also

List of physics topics : Quantum mechanics, Quantum indeterminacy, Bell's theorem, Bohm interpretation, Copenhagen interpretation, Many-worlds interpretation, Wavefunction collapseIn quantum mechanics, wavefunction collapse is one of two processes by which quantum systems apparently evolve. It is also called collapse of the state vector''. As of March 2004, wavefunction collapse appears to have been disproven. In general, quantum s, Measurement problemQuantum mechanics The measurement problem is a supposed problem with quantum mechanics (exemplified by the Schrodinger's cat "paradox") which asks why there appears to be something "special" about measurement (as opposed to all other physical interactions, Quantum computation, Unsolved problems in physicsThe following are some of the unsolved problems in physics . This is an incomplete list of outstanding problems in physics. Some of these problems are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining some observed phenomenon or exp



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