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Contents

1 Aristotle

2 References

3 See Also

4 External links

Character traits necessary for right action and correct thinking. They include: intellectual sense of justice , intellectual perseverance , intellectual integrity , intellectual humility , intellectual empathy , intellectual courage , confidence in reason , and intellectual autonomy .

1 Aristotle

Aristotle analyzed virtues into moral and intellectual virtues (dianoetic virtues, the Greek aretai dianoetikai). In the Posterior Analytics and Nicomachean Ethics he identified five intellectual virtues - as the five ways the soul arrives at truth by affirmation or denial. He grouped them into three classes:

Theoretical:
- Sophia -i.e. wisdom of the eternal and unchangeable, philosophical wisdom.
- Episteme -i.e. scientific knowledge, empirical knowledge.
- Nous -i.e. intuitive understanding.
Practical:
- Phronesis -i.e. practical wisdom/prudence.
Productive:
- Techne -i.e. craft knowledge, art, skill.

Subjecent intellectual virtues in Aristotle:

Euboulia . Deliberating well, deliberativ excellence. Thinking properly about the right end.
Sunesis . Understanding, sagacity, consciousness of why something is as it is. - e.g the understanding you have of why a situation is as it is, prior to having phronesis - understanding of what to do about it -i.e what is the best action.
Gnomê . Judgement and consideration. Virtue which allows people to make equitable or fair decisions.
Deinotes . Cleverness. The ability to carry out actions so as to achieve a goal.

2 References

Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics Book VI.
Thomas Hobbes On Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter VIII: Of the Virtues Commonly Called Intellectual, and Their Contrary Defects
R. M. Paul Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world, (Rev. 2nd ed.). Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking, 1992.
Michael DePaul et Linda Zagzebski, Intellectual Virtue, Oxford, Oxford U. Press. 2003.

3 See Also

4 External links

The Intellectual and Moral Virtues of the Critical Person
Virtue Epistemology, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Critical Thinking Glossary: An Educator's Guide to Critical Thinking Terms and Concept

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