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Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually the result of a benign parathyroid tumor ( adenoma) that loses its sensitivity to circulating calcium levels. Usually, only one of the four parathyroid glands is affected.
In chronic renal failure secondary hyperparathyroidism can result. Its result on bone metabolism is renal osteodystrophy .
The rhyme "moans, groans, stones, and bones, with psychic overtones" has been used to describe the classic symptoms of hyperparathyroidism: abdominal pain, lethargy or dysphoria , kidney stones, osteoporosis (and resultant fractures), and depression.
Other symptoms include: headacheA headache is a condition of mild to severe pain in the head; sometimes upper back or neck pain may also be interpreted as a headache. Headaches have a wide variety of causes, ranging from eyestrain to inflammation of the sinus cavities to life-threatenins, sleep disorderDefinition A sleep disorder is a disorder in the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders can interfere with mental and emotional function, due to their interference with REM sleep. Common sleep disorders The most common sleep disorderss, memory problems, gastroesophageal refluxGastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD, or GORD when oesophageal the BE form, is substituted) is injury to the esophagus that develops from chronic exposure of the esophagus to acid coming up from the stomach ( reflux). In contrast, heartburn is the sympto, decreased sex drive, thinning hair, hypertensionArterial hypertension or high blood pressure is a medical condition where the blood pressure is chronically elevated. Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks and heart failure, and is a leading cause of chronic renal, and heart palpitations.
In short-lived hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia might be the only sign, sometimes producing such symptoms as nauseaNausea is the sensation of unease and discomfort from the stomach, with the sufferers feeling that they may vomit. Nausea is a symptom of many conditions, including motion sickness, morning sickness during pregnancy, viral infections, and other diseases., vomitingVomiting (or emesis is the forceful expulsion through the mouth of the contents of one's stomach. It is a mechanism for expelling ingested illness-causing food poisons. The act may be triggered by stimuli which might indicate the possibility of poisoning,, lethargy, depression, muscular weakness and an altered mental state.
Diagnostic workup for hypercalcemia often includes testing the PTH levels. UltrasoundMedical ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based imaging diagnostic technique used to visualize internal organs, their size, structure and their pathological lesions. Ultrasonography is widely utilized in medicine, primarily in gastroenterology, cardiology, of the neck area may reveal enlarged glands. Occasionally, scintigraphy with MIBI is necessary to identify adenomas or hyperplastic parathyroids.