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The Hashemites trace their ancestry from Hashim (died c. 510CE), the great-grandfather of the Muslim prophet Muhammad. The early history of the Hashemites saw them in a continuous struggle against the Umayyads for control over who would be the caliph or successor to Muhammad. The Umayyads were of the same tribe as the Hashemites, but a different clan. This rivalry eventually would lead to the split between the Sunni and Shia. After the overthrow of the Umayyads, the Abbasids would present themselves as representatives of the Hashemites, as they claimed descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, an uncle of Muhammad.

From the 10th century onwards, the Sharif (religious leader) of MeccaMecca or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukkaramah Arabic ) is a city in the Hijaz region of western Saudi Arabia. It is revered as the holiest site of the Islamic religion, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford the trip. The term M and its EmirEmir (also sometimes rendered as Amir or Ameer Arabic commander is a title of nobility historically used in Islamic nations of the Middle East and North Africa. Originally it was a title of honor given to descendants of Mohammed via his daughter Fatima Za was by traditional agreement a Hashemite. Before World War I Husain ibn AliHussein ibn Ali or Husayn ibn Ali was the Sherif of Mecca, and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself king. He ruled until 1924, when he was defeated by Abdul Aziz al Saud. Hussein ibn Ali was the last of the Hashemites to rule the of the Hashemite Dhawu-'Awn clan ruled the Hejaz on behalf of the Ottoman sultan. For some time it had been the practice of the Sublime Porte to appoint the Emir of Mecca from among a select group of candidates. In 1908, Husain ibn Ali was appointed Emir of Mecca. He found himself increasingly at odds with the Young TurksThis article refers to the Turkish nationalist reform party. For the radio talk show of the same name, see Young Turks (talk show The Young Turks were a Turkish nationalist reform party, officially known as the Committee of Union and Progress CUP — in Tur in control at ConstantinopleConstantinople (Roman name: Constantinopolis; Greek: Konstantinoupolis or ) is the former name of the city of Istanbul in Turkey. Its original name was Byzantium ( Greek: Byzantion or Bυζαντιο&nu pronounced roughly B, while he strove to secure his family's position as hereditary Emirs. Between 1917Events January 2 The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank. January 22 World War I: President Woodrow Wilson calls for "peace without victory" in Europe. January 25 The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million January 25 Anti- and 1925, after the collapse of Ottoman power, he ruled an independent Hejaz, of which he proclaimed himself king, with the tacit support of the British Foreign Office. His chief rival in the Arabian peninsula was a tribal warlord named Ibn Saud, who annexed the Hejaz and set his own son Faisal as governor.

Hussein's two politically active sons were Abdullah and Faisal, later to become the kings, respectively, of Transjordan and Iraq. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq lasted from 1921 to 1958, and a line of Hashemite kings have been ruling Transjordan, now Jordan, since 1921.