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The measure is usually expressed in one of two ways:

1. As the amount of fuel used per unit distance; for example, litres per 100 kilometres (L/100km). In this case, the lower the value, the more efficient a vehicle is;
2. As the distance travelled per unit volume of fuel used; for example, kilometres per litre (km/L or kpl) or miles per gallon (mpg). In this case, the higher the value, the more efficient a vehicle is.

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the government body that makes the calculations that auto manufacturers use when advertising their vehicles. Separate numbers are given for city and highway driving. The EPA tests do not directly measure fuel consumption, but rather calculate the amount of fuel used by measuring pollution emissions from the tailpipe based on a formula created in 1972. The cars are not actually driven around a course, but are cycled through a series of starts, stops, and runs in a laboratoryBiochemistry laboratory at the University of Cologne. A laboratory (often abbreviated lab is a place where scientific research and experiments are conducted. The equipment in a laboratory will depend on what the lab is used for. Chemistry and biochemistry environmentAn environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. An environment may be thought of as a superset, of which the given system is a subset. An environment may have one or more parameters, p. As emissions standards have become more strict due to smogFor the rock band named Smog see Smog (band). Victorian-era London was notorious for its thick smogs, or 'pea-soupers', a fact that is often recreated to add an air of mystery to a period costume drama. Smog is a kind of heavy air pollution. Under special, some of the resulting numbers do not directly correspond to what people actually experience when driving. Most often, the EPA estimate of mileage is several percent higher than what the average driver manages.

Here are some common conversion factors:

To convert x L/100 km to y MPG, perform:

• 235.2146 ÷ x L/100km = y MPG (US liquid gallon), or
• 282.481 ÷ x L/100km = y MPG (Imperial gallon)

To convert a MPG to b L/100km, perform:

• 235.2146 ÷ a MPG (US liquid gallon) = b L/100km, or
• 282.481 ÷ a MPG (Imperial gallon) = b L/100km

To convert m km/L to n MPG, perform:

• 2.352146 * m km/L = n MPG (US liquid gallon), or
• 2.82481 * m km/L = n MPG (Imperial gallon)

To convert c MPG to d km/L, perform:

• 0.4251437 * c MPG (US liquid gallon) = d km/L, or
• 0.354006 * c MPG (Imperial gallon) = d km/L

1 Tips

• Make sure airAir is a name for the mixture of gases present in the Earth's atmosphere. Compressed air is often used in scuba diving as a shallow water breathing gas and to inflate buoyancy devices. Compressed air is also used as a source of energy for pneumatic tools. pressurePressure (symbol: p is a measure of force per unit area. where p is the pressure F is the force A is the area Often F is taken to be the of the magnitude of the mean vector force normal to the surface of area A upon which it exerts; the "surface" not nece in your car's tireA tire ( US spelling) or tyre ( UK spelling) is a roughly toroidal piece of (usually) rubber placed on a wheel to cushion it. Tires generally have reinforcing threads in them; based on the orientation of the threads, they are classified as bias-ply/ crosss is correct.
• Avoid abrupt accelerationIn physics, acceleration (symbol: a is defined as the rate of change (or time derivative) of velocity. It is thus a vector quantity with dimension length/ time². In SI units, this is metre/second². To accelerate an object is to change its velocity over a and deceleration; try to keep a stable speed and coast whenever possible.
• If driving a car with a manual transmission, shift up as early as reasonably possible, and shift down late
• Make sure your car's engine is well tuned.
• Do not carry unnecessary loads in the car.
• Driving at high speeds with the windows open creates a lot of aerodynamic drag, which lowers fuel efficiency.
• Do not let the engine idle unnecessarily. Unless in traffic, shut it down whenever it is unused for more than 10 seconds.