2 Restrictions on field placement

Fielders may be placed anywhere on the field, subject to the following rules. At the time the ball is bowled:

• No fielder may be standing on or with any part of his body over the pitch.
• There may be no more than two fielders, other than possibly the wicket-keeper, standing in the quadrant of the field behind square leg. See BodylineBodyline was a cricketing tactic devised by the English cricket team for their 1932 33 tour of Australia, specifically to combat the extraordinary batting skill of Australia's Don Bradman. It involved bowlers deliberately aiming the cricket ball at the bo for details on why this rule exists.
• In some one-day matchesCricket A night match at Old Trafford One-day cricket is a version of the sport of cricket that is completed in one day, as distinct from Test cricket and first-class cricket which can take up to five days to complete. Structure In a one-day cricket match:
  • During the first overCricket In the sport of cricket an over is a series of six consecutive balls bowled by a single bowler. No bowler is allowed to bowl more than one consecutive over. Specifically, an over must consist of six legal deliveries. No balls and wides do not couns of an inningsAn innings or inning is a segment of a game in any of a variety of sports most notably baseball and cricket during which a side takes its turn to bat. In many other sports, the length of the game is dictated by a clock and teams swap offensive and defensi (usually between eight and twenty, depending on the length of the match) there may be no more than two fielders standing outside an oval line marked on the field, being semi-circles centred on the middle stump of each wicket of radius 30 metres, joined by straight lines parallel to the pitch. This is known as the fielding circle . In addition, during these overs there must be two fielders (other than the wicketkeeper) in designated "close catching" positions.
  • For the remainder of the innings there may be no more than five fielders standing outside the fielding circle.

The restriction for one-day cricket is designed to prevent the fielding team from setting extremely defensive fields and concentrating solely on preventing the batting team from scoring runs, which many consider leads to boring play.

If any of these rules is violated, an umpire will call the delivery a no ball. Additionally a play not make any significant movement after the ball comes into play and before the ball reaches the striker. If this happens, an umpire will call and signal 'dead ball'. For close fielders anything other than minor adjustments to stance or position in relation to the striker is significant. In the outfield, fielders are may move in towards the striker or striker's wicket, indeed, they usually do. However, anything other than slight movement off line or away from the striker is to be considered significant.

3 Tactics of field placement

With only nine fielders (apart from the bowler and wicket-keeper), the captain of the fielding team must decide which fielding positions to cover, and which to leave vacant. The placement of fielders is one of the major tactical considerations for the fielding captain.

3.1 Attacking and defending

The main decision for a fielding captain is to strike a balance between setting an attacking field and a defensive field. An attacking field is one in which fielders are positioned in such a way that they are likely take catches, and thus likely to get the batsman out. Such a field generally involves having many fielders close to the batsman, especially behind the batsman in either slip or short leg positions.

A defensive field is one in which most of the field is covered by a fielder; the batsman will therefore find it hard to score large numbers of runs. This generally involves having many fielders far from the batsman and in front of him, in the positions where he is most likely to hit the ball.

Many factors govern the decisions on field placements, including: the tactical situation in the match; which bowler is bowling; how long the batsman has been in; the wear on the ball; the state of the wicket; the light; or even how close you are to an interval in play.

Some general principles:

Attack new batsmen

A batsman early in his innings is more likely to make a miscalculated or rash shot, so it pays to have catching fielders ready.

Attack with the new ball

Fast bowlers get the most swing and bounce with a newer ball, factors that make it harder to play without making an error.

Attack when returning from a break in play

Batsmen must settle into a batting rhythm again when resuming play after an overnight or meal break.

Attack with quality bowlers

A team's best bowlers take the most wickets, so get the most benefit from the support of an attacking field.

Attack when the pitch helps the bowler

A moist pitch helps fast bowlers get unpredictable movement of the ball, while a dry, crumbling pitch helps spin bowlers get unpredictable spin. Both situations can lead to catches flying to close attacking fielders.

Attack when the batting team is under pressure

If the batting team is doing poorly or has low morale, increase the pressure by attacking with the field.

Defend when batsmen are settled in

It is difficult to get batsmen out when they have been batting for a long time and are comfortable with the bowling. The best tactic is often to defend and force the run scoring rate to slow down, which can frustrate the batsman into playing a rash shot.

Defend when the batting team needs to score runs quickly

In situations where the batting team must score quickly in order to win or press an advantage, slowing down the rate of scoring runs lessens their chance of doing so.

Defend when the batting team is scoring quickly

If the batsmen are managing to score runs quickly, it is unlikely they are offering many chances to get them out, so reduce the run scoring rate.

Defend when the ball and pitch offer no help to the bowlers

If there is no movement of the ball and the batsmen can hit it comfortably every time, there is little point in having lots of close catching fielders.

Defend when using weak bowlers

If a relatively poor bowler must bowl for any reason, the best tactic is often to limit the potential damage by containing the free scoring of runs.

3.2 Off and leg side fields

Another consideration when setting a field is how many fielders to have on each side of the pitch. With nine fielders to place, the division must necessarily be unequal, but the degree of inequality varies.

When describing a field setting, the numbers of fielders on the off side and leg side are often abbreviated into a shortened form, with the off side number quoted first. For example, a 5-4 field means 5 fielders on the off side and 4 on the leg side.

Usually, most fielders are placed on the off side. This is because most bowlers tend to concentrate the line of their deliveries on or outside the off stump, so most shots are hit into the off side.

When attacking, there may be 3 or 4 slips and 1 or 2 gullies, potentially using up to six fielders in that region alone. This would typically be accompanied by a mid off, mid on, and fine leg, making it a 7-2 field. Although there are only two fielders on the leg side, they should get relatively little work as long as the bowlers maintain a line outside off stump.

As fields get progressively more defensive, fielders will move out of the slip and gully area to cover more of the field, leading to 6-3 and 5-4 fields.

If a bowler, usually a leg spin bowler, decides to attack the batsman's legs in an attempt to force a stumping, bowl him behind his legs, or induce a catch on the leg side, the field may stack 4-5 towards the leg side. It is unusual to see more than 5 fielders on the leg side, because of the restriction that there must be no more than two fielders placed behind square leg.

Another attacking placement on the leg side is the leg side trap, which involves placing fielders near the boundary at deep square and backward square leg and bowling bouncers to try to induce the batsman to hook the ball into the air.

4 Protective equipment

No member of the fielding side other than the wicket-keeper may wear gloves or external leg guards, though fielders (in particular players fielding near to the bat) may also wear shin protectors, groin protectors ('boxes') and chest protectors beneath their clothing. Apart from for the wicket-keeper, protection for the hand or fingers may be worn only with the consent of the umpires.

Fielders are permitted to wear a helmet and face guard. This is usually employed in a position such as silly point or silly mid-wicket, where proximity to the batsman gives little time to avoid a shot directly at their head. Due to the discomfort, the duty of fielding "under the helmet" is often delegated to the most junior member of the team. If the helmet is only being used for overs from one end, it will be placed behind the wicketkeeper when not in use. 5 penalty runs are awarded to the batting side should the ball touch a fielder's headgear whilst it is not being worn unless the ball previously struck a batsman not attempting to hit or avoid the ball. This rule was introduced in the nineteenth century to prevent the unfair practice of a fielder using a hat (often a top hat) to take a catch.

5 Fielding specialities

Many cricketers are particularly adept in one fielding position and will usually be found there:

• Slips require fast reactions and intense concentration. Most top slips fielders tend to be top-order batsmen.
• Pace bowlers will often be found fielding in the third man, fine leg and deep backward square positions during the overs between those they are bowling. These positions mean that they are at the correct end for their bowling over. They should see relatively little fielding action with plenty of time to react, allowing them to rest between overs.
• Players noted for their agility, acceleration and throwing accuracy will often field in the infield positions such as point, cover and mid-wicket.

6 Notable Test cricket fielders

A number of Test cricketers have displayed the highest level of fielding skills, including:

• Mohammed Azharuddin (India)
• Ian Botham (England)
• Greg Chappell (Australia)
• Ian Chappell (Australia)
• Brian Close (England)
• Chris Harris (New Zealand)
• Mahela Jayewardena (Sri Lanka)
• Arjuna Ranatunga (Sri Lanka)
• Derek Randall (England)
• Jonty Rhodes (South Africa)
• Viv Richards (West Indies)
• Bob Simpson (Australia)
• Mark Taylor (Australia)
• Sachin Tendulkar (India)
• Mark Waugh (Australia)

7 See also

• Cricket terminology
• Laws of cricket

Cricket

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