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Reflex activities of a target muscle are affected by motor signals from the corticospinal tract and by the influence of extrapyramidal signals.
The extrapyramidal system can be affected in a number of ways, which are revealed in a range of extrapyramidal symptoms such as akinesia and akathisia.
Extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) are the various movement disorders suffered as a result of taking antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs, which are often used to control psychosis (particularly in schizophrenia).
Common EPS are akathisia (restlessness), dystonia (muscular spasms of neck - torticollis, eyes - oculogyric crisis , tongue, or jaw; more frequent in children), drug-induced Parkinsonian syndrome (muscle stiffness, shuffling gait, drooling, tremour; more frequent in adults and the elderly), and tardive dyskinesia (involuntary, irregular muscle movements, usually in the face).
AnticholinergicAn anticholinergic agent is a member of a class of pharmaceutical compounds which serve to reduce the effects mediated by acetylcholine in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Anticholinergics are typically reversible competitive inhi drugs are used to control neuroleptic-induced EPS, although akathisia may require beta blockersBeta blockers or beta-adrenergic blocking agents are a class of drugs used to treat a variety of cardiovascular conditions and some other diseases. Beta blockers block the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the &beta adrenergic receptors in the b or even benzodiazepinesThe benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. They are believed to act on the GABA receptor GABA, the activation of which dampens higher neuronal activity. They began to be wid. They can also be reduced by dose titration or by use of an atypical antipsychoticThe atypical antipsychotics (also known as second generation antipsychotics) are a class of prescription medications used to treat psychiatric conditions. All atypical antipsychotics are FDA approved for use in the treatment of schizophrenia. Some carry F, such as olanzapineOlanzapine Zyprexa or in a combination with fluoxetine as Symbyax ) was the second atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval and has become one of the most commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Olanzapine has been FDA approved for the treatment of schi, risperidoneRisperidone Belivon Rispen Risperdal is an atypical antipsychotic medication. It is most often used to treat delusional psychosis. Side effects Risperidone can potentially cause tardive dyskinesia. Common side effects include: nausea, anxiety, dizziness,, quetiapineQuetiapine ( INN), known in the United States by the brand name Seroquel is one of the atypical antipsychotics. Quetiapine (kwe-TYE-a-peen) has FDA and international approvals for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania in bipolar disorder. It is u or clozapineClozapine (trade names Clozaril Leponex , approved by the FDA in 1989, was the first of the atypical antipsychotics. Clozapine is the only FDA approved medication indicated for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and for reducing the risk of suicidal behavi. These medications have a different mode of action which means they are associated with fewer extrapyramidal side effects that "conventional" antipsychotics ( chlorpromazine, haloperidol &c).Commonly used side-effect medications for EPS are Cogentin (Benztropine), Benadryl (Diphenhydramine), and Artane (Trihexaphen).
See also: List of regions in the human brain
Antipsychotics