1.2 Poe's death

This daguerreotypeThe daguerreotype is a type of photograph, but, unlike modern photographs, it has no negative. Instead, it is an image exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver housed in a velvet-lined folding case. While the daguerreotype was not the fir of Poe was taken less than a year before his death at the age of 40. Poe arrived in Baltimore, MarylandThis article is about the city in the US state of Maryland. For other meanings of the word "Baltimore", please see: Baltimore (disambiguation Baltimore is an independent city located in the U. State of Maryland. As of July 1, 2002, the population is 638,6, on September 27September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 95 days remaining. Events 489 Odoacer attacks Theoderic at the Battle of Verona, and is defeated again. 1540 Jesuit Order receives its charter from Pope Paul I, 1849.

On the 3rd of OctoberOctober 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in Leap years). There are 89 days remaining in the year. Events 2333 BC Legendary date of the establishment of the Kingdom of Chosun ( Korea) 42 BC First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octav, he was found on the streets, deliriousDelirium is a medical term used to describe a mental state. There are several definitions (including those in the DSM-IV and ICD-10). However, all include some core features. These include: impairments of consciousness confusion and disorientation cogniti and "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance," according to the man who found him. He was taken to the Washington College Hospital , where he died early on the morning of October 7. Poe was never coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition, and wearing clothes that were not his own.

The precise cause of Poe's death is disputed.

Dr. J. E. Snodgrass, an acquaintance of Poe's who was among those who saw him in his last days, was convinced that Poe's death was a result of drunkenness, and did a great deal to popularise this interpretation of the events. He was, however, a supporter of the temperance movement who found Poe a useful example in his work; later scholars have shown that his account of Poe's death distorts facts to support his theory.

Dr. John Moran, the physician who attended Poe, stated in his own 1885 account that "Edgar Allan Poe did not die under the effect of any intoxicant, nor was the smell of liquor upon his breath or person." This was, however, only one of several sometimes contradictory accounts of Poe's last days he published over the years, so his testimony cannot be considered entirely reliable.

Numerous other theories have been proposed over the years, including several forms of rare brain disease, various types of enzyme deficiency, rabies [1] (though some consider this unlikely), syphilis, and the idea that Poe was shanghaied, drugged, and used as a pawn in a ballot-box-stuffing scam during the election that was held on the day he was found.

In the absence of contemporary documentation (all surviving accounts are either incomplete or published years after the event; even Poe's death certificate, if one was ever made out, has been lost), it is likely that the truth of Poe's death will never be known.

Poe is now buried on the grounds of Westminster Presbyterian Church in Baltimore. Every year, a cloaked, unknown admirer leaves a birthday rose and a bottle of whiskey on Poe's grave. This has become something of a local mystery, and there has been speculation that several people have, over the years, been responsible for the midnight ceremony.

1.3 Griswold and Poe's biography

The day Poe was buried, a long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune, signed "Ludwig." This remarkably bitter obituary depicted Poe as dishonest, immoral and morbidly ambitious, insane and incapable of normal human feelings. It was reprinted in numerous papers across the country. "Ludwig" was soon identified as Rufus Griswold, a minor editor and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842, when Poe wrote a review of one of Griswold's anthologies, a review that Griswold found insufficiently laudatory. Though they were coolly polite in person, an enmity developed between the two men as they clashed over various matters. Griswold took advantage of Poe's death to settle the score.

Griswold went on to assume the role of Poe's literary executor, though no evidence exists that Poe had ever made this exceedingly improbable choice. He convinced Poe's destitute mother-in-law Maria Clemm to hand over a mass of letters and manuscripts (which were never returned) and allow him to prepare an edition of Poe's collected works. Griswold assured Clemm that she would receive significant royalties, but she received nothing but a few sets of the edition, which she had to sell herself to realize a derisory return.

Griswold wrote a biographical "Memoir" of Poe which he included in an additional volume of the collected works. This biography depicted Poe as a depraved, drunk, drug-addled madman. It distorted almost every point of Poe's biography, and included items forged by Griswold to bolster his case. This libelous picture of Poe was immediately denounced by those who knew him well, but Griswold's account became the popularly accepted one, in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because it seemed to accord with the narrative voice Poe used in much of his fantastic fiction.

No accurate biography of Poe appeared until John Ingram's of 1875. By then, however, Griswold's distortions were entrenched, not only in America but around the world. Griswold's false picture continues to color the popular image of Poe to this day.

2 Legacy

Poe's curious and often nightmarish work greatly influenced the horror and fantasy genres. He is also credited with originating the genre of detective fiction with his three stories about Auguste Dupin, the most famous of which is " The Murders in the Rue Morgue." There is no doubt that he inspired mystery writers who came after him, particularly Arthur Conan Doyle in The Hound of the Baskervilles. He also profoundly influenced the development of early science fiction author Jules Verne.

Poe's literary reputation was greater abroad than it was in the United States, perhaps as a result of America's general revulsion towards the macabre. Rufus Griswold's defamatory reminisicences did little to commend Poe to U.S. literary society.

In France, where he is commonly known as "Edgar Poe," Charles Baudelaire translated his stories and several of the poems into French. Baudelaire was the right man for this job, and his excellent translations meant that Poe enjoyed a vogue among avant-garde writers in France while being ignored in his native land. From France, writers like Algernon Charles Swinburne caught the Poe-bug, and Swinburne's musical verse owes much to Poe's technique. Poe was much admired, also, by the school of Symbolism, and Stéphane Mallarmé dedicated several poems to him.

Poe's poetry was translated into Russian by the Symbolist poet Konstantin Bal'mont and enjoyed great popularity there in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Poe influenced the Swedish poet and author Viktor Rydberg, who translated a considerable amount of Poe's work into Swedish.

The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the " Edgars."

3 Notable works

Much of Poe's work is available on-line at Wikisource, See Wikisource Poe Archive

3.1 Poems

• " The City in the Sea" (1831)
• " The Conqueror Worm" (1837)
• " Lenore" (1843)
• " The Raven" (1845)
• " Ulalume" (1847)
• " Annabel Lee" (1849)
• " The Bells " (1849)

3.2 Stories

• " Ligeia " (1838)
• " William Wilson" (1839)
• " The Devil in the Belfry" (1839)
• " The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) (Full text at Wikisource)
• " A Descent into the Maelstrom" (1841)
• " The Masque of the Red Death" (1842)
• " The Pit and the Pendulum" (1842) (Full text at Wikisource)
• " The Gold Bug" (1843) (Full text at UVA)
• " The Black Cat" (1843)
• " The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843)
• " The Spectacles " (1844)
• " The Balloon-Hoax" (1844)
• " The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar " (1845)
• " The Cask of Amontillado" (1846) (see Crime fiction for a discussion)
• " The Oblong Box " (1850)
• " The Oval Portrait" (1850) (Full text at Wikisource)

3.2.1 The Auguste Dupin Stories

• " The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841)
• "The Mystery of Marie Roget" (1843)
• " The Purloined Letter" (1844)

3.3 Novel

• The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838)

3.4 Essay

• " The Philosophy of Composition" (1846)

4 Adaptations

• Several of Poe's works were made into movies, notably a series of movies directed by Roger Corman and starring Vincent Price.
• The Alan Parsons Project produced a record album in 1976 entitled Tales of Mystery and Imagination, based on several of Poe's tales.
• Writer Stephen Marlowe adapted the strange details of Poe's death into his 1995 novel The Lighthouse at the End of the World .
• A double- CD organized by Hal Wilner , " Closed On Account of Rabies" with poems and tales of Poe performed by various artist like Marianne Faithfull, Iggy Pop and Jeff Buckley was issued in 1997.
• In 2003, Lou Reed released a double-CD set based on Poe's writings.
• Peter Hammill has written and recorded an operatic version of "The Fall of the House of Usher."

5 External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about .

• The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Poe's complete works and a wealth of biographical and critical material, including a review of the known facts about Poe's death
• Poe Museum in Richmond, Virginia
• Edgar Allan Poe Awards Database at The Mystery Writers of America web site
• "The Tell-Tale Heart" full text
• "The Masque of the Red Death" full text
• Peter Hammill album "The Fall of the House of Usher"

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