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The Earth's polar radius is the distance from its center to the North or South Pole, and is approximately 3950 miles (6356.9 kilometres).
The Earth's equatorial radius is the distance from its centre to the equator, and is approximately 3963 miles (6378.5 kilometres).
The Earth's mean radius is approximately 3959 miles (6371.3 kilometres). This number is derived by averaging the centre-to-surface distances on all points on the globe. Equivalently, the mean radius is
where A is the surface area of Earth. This would be the radius of a hypothetical perfect sphere which had the same surface area as the Earth.
Earth radius is sometimes used as a unit of distance, especially in astronomy and geology. It is usually denoted by RE.
See also: Effective Earth radius
A better, general purpose "great circle"/spherical radius
for an ellipsoid is the global (Ellipsoidal) Quadratic Mean Radius
(a,b = equatorial, polar radii):
For Earth (a = 6378.135 km, b = 6356.75 km), Qr = 6372.795477598 km.
This contrasts with the elliptical QMR,
, which is
the QMR of a simple ellipse which—in the case of an ellipsoid—is a meridian.