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The use of performance-enhancing drugs is not a new phenomenon: athletes have been using various substances for centuries. Ancient Greeks, including Olympic champion s, would use sheep's testicles.

The first modern incident of doping was in 1865, when Dutch swimmers used stimulants. In the late 19th century European cyclists were using substances like caffeine and ether-coated sugar cube s to reduce painPain is both a sensory and emotional experience, generally associated tissue damage, or inflammation. Pain is ultimately a perception, and not an objective bodily state. Despite its unpleasantness, pain is a critical component of the body's defense system and delay fatigueIn Wikipedia, fatigue can mean: # Fatigue (physical) tiredness in humans # Fatigue (material) failure by repeated stress in materials # Fatigues (uniform) military uniform # Battle fatigue also known as Post-traumatic stress disorder # Reader's fatigue #.

In the 1904 OlympicsThe 1904 Summer Olympics formally known as the Games of the III Olympiad were held in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States from July 1 to November 23, 1904. Chicago, Illinois won the original bid to host the games, but the organisation of the Louisian, Thomas HicksThomas J. Hicks ( January 7, 1875 December 2, 1963) was an American track and field athlete, winner of the Olympic marathon in 1904. Hicks, a brass worker from Cambridge, Massachusetts who had been born in England and won a second place at the 1904 Boston (USA) won the marathonA marathon is an athletic event and the town in Greece (and site of a battle) for which the sport was named; the name of a village and a town in New York; an island in the Florida Keys; until 1990, the name in the United Kingdom for a Snickers bar; a comp at St Louis and collapsed. It took hours to revive him; he had taken brandyFor the singer and actress, see Brandy Norwood. Brandy (short for brandywine from Dutch brandewijn distilled wine) is a general term for distilled wine, usually 40 60% ethyl alcohol by volume. It is also used to indicate spirits distilled from other fruit mixed with cocaineCocaine is a crystalline alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, creating a euphoric sense of happiness and hyperthermia. Though most often used recreational to help him win his gold medal.

In most sports, controls such as urine and blood tests are now being made to check for doping among top level athletes.

Doping is often considered a form of unfair competition; also, many forms of doping can be hazardous to the athlete's health, with symptoms sometimes not occurring until after their career. Doping may, in some jurisdictions, lead to criminal charges, especially if it involves the illegal usage or prescription of prescription drugs or even narcotics.

In 1998, a major doping scandal erupted on the Tour de France.

In recent years, there has been growing concern that advances in gene therapy could lead to abuse in the form of gene doping. This new form of doping would, in theory, be very difficult to detect and potentially last for many years. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has already asked scientists to help find ways to prevent gene therapy from becoming the newest means of doping.