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The park's official name is "Disneyland," but to avoid confusion with the new overall name " Disneyland Resort," which also includes Disney's California Adventure and adjoining hotels and shops, Disney literature occasionally refers to Disneyland as "Disneyland Park."
The park is the creation of animation and entertainment pioneer Walt Disney, who wanted to build a permanent amusement park without the negative element which traveling carnivals often attracted. It would be a place where kids and parents could have fun together in a safe and clean environment.
Disneyland was inspired by Children's Fairyland [1] built in 1950, and Tivoli Gardens, built in 1843. The original plans called for the park to be built on eight acres (32,000 m²)) next to the Disney Studios in Burbank, California where his employees and families could go to relax.
After World War II, it became clear that more area would be needed. In the early 1950s, difficulties in obtaining funding caused Disney to investigate new ways of raising money. He decided to use television to get the idea of the Magic Kingdom into people's homes, and so he created a show named Disneyland which was broadcast on the fledgling American Broadcasting Company television network, today owned by the Walt Disney Company. On the suggestion of researchers at Stanford UniversityFor other meanings of Stanford see Stanford (disambiguation). Stanford University is a privately funded university in Stanford, California. It is located approximately 35 miles southeast of San Francisco, in an unincorporated part of Santa Clara County ad who correctly envisioned the area's potential growth, Disney acquired 180 acres ( (730,000 m²)) of orange groves and walnut trees in Anaheim, south of Los AngelesThis article is about the city in California. For other uses of 'Los Angeles' see Los Angeles (disambiguation The City of Los Angeles widely known by its abbreviation L. is a large coastal metropolis in Southern California in the western United States. in neighboring Orange CountyOrange County, California is a major region in the Greater Los Angeles Area of Southern California. Its county seat is Santa Ana. With a population of 2,846,289 ( 2000 census), it is the second most populous county in the state of California and the fifth. The impact on the area was immediate, even before ground was broken. U.S. Highway 101US Highway 101 runs along the West Coast of the United States, just as its counterpart U. Highway 1 runs along the East Coast. It used to continue south of Los Angeles to Mexico, but that part was decommissioned in favor of Interstate 5. It is often refer (later Interstate 5Interstate 5 is an interstate highway along the west coast of the United States. Like other interstates, it is commonly referred to as I-5 by most Americans ( Southern Californians typically call it the 5 . Its odd number indicates that it is a north-sout) was under construction just to the north of the site on modern-day Harbor Boulevard. It became obvious to planners that Disney's new world of fantasy would be so popular and create so much traffic that two more lanes were added to the freeway even before Disneyland was finished.
When the real planning began, Walt turned to his movie studio staff who designed a park with five different and distinctly themed "lands."
Main Street, U.S.A. relives the stereotypical turn-of-the-20th-century city Main Street. Walt Disney said, "For those of us who remember the carefree time it recreates, Main Street will bring back happy memories. For younger visitors, it is an adventure in turning back the calendar to the days of grandfather's youth." It would, of course, be "great-great-grandfather" now.
The 1880s-styled shops that line Main Street appear to be full two-story buildings. In reality, however, they implement forced perspective to achieve the illusion that they are full height. The second levels of the buildings are a few feet short of being full size. If the Disneyland architects had made the buildings a full two stories high, they would have looked incongruously tall compared to the park's trademark structure, the magnificent Sleeping Beauty Castle.
Above the firehouse is Walt Disney's personal apartment, fully furnished but off-limits to the public. A lamp is kept burning in the window as a tribute to his memory.
Main Street, U.S.A is the only land in all of Disneyland without a permanent ride.
Adventureland is an "exotic tropical place" in a "far-off region of the world." Walt Disney described Adventureland thus: "To create a land that would make this dream reality, we pictured ourselves far from civilization, in the remote jungles of Asia and Africa."
One of Disneyland's original attractions is Adventureland's "Jungle Cruise." After a few years of operation, the Jungle Cruise became so predictable to regular visitors that the ride's "skippers" started ad-libbing their script, and eventually the humor became a highlight of the attraction. The Jungle Cruise course and scenery remain unchanged, but the often hilarious comedy schtick differs from operator to operator. With the 1993 opening of the " Indiana Jones: Temple Of The Forbidden Eye" thrill ride whose outdoor queue is immediately to the right of the Jungle Cruise, the latter's theme was changed slightly to share the new attraction's theme of 1930s India. As part of one of the largest renovation projects in the park's history, the Indiana Jones queue will be hidden from view by a wall covered with dense jungle greenery. The pre-Audio-Animatronic figures that line the attraction's route will be refurbished and, in certain cases, made operative once again. Foliage correct for the different "countries" that the ride passes through will replace the bamboo that blankets most of the scenery. Even the genuine Colt pistols that shot blanks at "threatening" jungle animals and removed over concerns of "political correctness" by the park's 1990s management team will be again issued to the ride's operators. The ad-lib comedy may also make way for a prepared but exciting script.
In 1963, the park's first Audio-Animatronic attraction, the Enchanted Tiki Room, was added to Adventureland. Like the Jungle Cruise, the Tiki Room is undergoing a major renovation and is set to reopen in early 2005.
Frontierland recreates the myths of the pioneer days of the American frontier. According to Walt Disney, "All of us have cause to be proud of our country's history, shaped by the pioneering spirit of our forefathers. Our adventures are designed to give you the feeling of having lived, even for a short while, during our country's pioneer days." Highlights of Frontierland include the boarding dock of the Mark Twain paddlewheel riverboat and Columbia sailing ship. Each vessel plies a fifteen-minute long clockwise course over the "Rivers of America," designed to look like western America of the late 19th Century. "Big Thunder Mountain Railroad," built in 1980, is a high-speed roller coaster themed as an out-of-control mine train in the American Southwest of the 1880s. Replacing the more pastoral "Rainbow Mine Train" attraction dating to just after the park's opening, Big Thunder Mountain Railroad was the site of one of Disneyland's very few accidental deaths in 2003 when the one of the decorative locomotives at the front of each of the ride's trains failed catastrophically on a curve, sending parts and debris flying. A man from nearby Gardena, California riding in the front of the train was killed instantly by a part of the locomotive. The aforementioned boarding dock, only a few paces away from the entrance to Big Thunder Mountain was also the site of an accidental death a few years prior when a tie-down on the dock was ripped free while the Mark Twain was roped but under power. The tie-down struck a guest who later died of her head injuries. Both accidents, especially the Big Thunder mishap, forced a return to Disneyland's meticulous nightly maintenance schedule which park management at the time had changed to one of run-until-failure. It should be noted that there have been fewer than twenty guest deaths in nearly fifty years and that these accidents were the only ones unattributable to guest carelessness. True to Disney's vision, Disneyland is one of the safest theme parks in the world.
Fantasyland was created with the goal to "make dreams come true." Walt Disney said, "What youngster has not dreamed of flying with Peter Pan over moonlit London, or tumbling into Alice's nonsensical Wonderland? In Fantasyland, these classic stories of everyone's youth have become realities for youngsters - of all ages - to participate in." And since Walt Disney felt that no park was complete without a carousel, an 1875-vintage carousel from Canada became "King Arthur's Carrousel" (sic), the centerpiece of the land. Fantasyland was originally styled in a medieval fashion, but its 1983 refurbushment turned it into a Tyrolean village. Straddling both Fantasyland and Tomorrowland (see below) is another Disneyland landmark, the Matterhorn Bobsleds. A scaled-down version of the famous mountain peak of the Swiss Alps, this 1959 attraction has the distinction of being the first roller coaster to use tubular steel track.
Fantasyland is also the site of it's a small world. The attraction is a fifteen-minute "world cruise" that made its debut during the 1964 World's Fair and was rebuilt in Anaheim later that same year. Animated dolls amidst stylized settings of different regions of the world dance and sing to the main theme. Originally intended as a ballad by composers Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman, "It's A Small World" as presented in the attraction is an upbeat, positive number. However, it is the only number featured in the attraction. As such, it has been lampooned in both movies and television, most notably in the Shrek motion pictures and an episode of Cartoon Network's Courage the Cowardly Dog in which a ride through the surreal "Doc Gerbil's World" is clearly based on the Disneyland attraction. Like "The Haunted Mansion" in New Orleans Square, "it's a small world" (lower case intentional) has taken on a holiday theme at year's end since 2001.
Tomorrowland is a look at the "marvels of the future." In Walt Disney's words, "Tomorrow can be a wonderful age. Our scientists today are opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future." Disney was never totally satisfied with Tomorrowland. The area underwent a major transformation in 1967 into the "New Tomorrowland," and then again in 1998 when its focus was changed to present a "retro-future" theme reminiscent of the illustrations of Jules Verne. One of the most popular attractions in Tomorrowland is Space Mountain, a unique indoor roller coaster designed to simulate a high-speed trip through the darkness of outer space. Originally opened in 1977, Space Mountain closed for a major rebuild in April, 2003 and is scheduled to reopen in November, 2005.
Other current changes in Tomorrowland include the construction of an elaborate, interactive dark ride with a Buzz Lightyear theme: Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters, and the possible refurbishment of the 1959 Submarine Voyage attraction, closed since 1998. The attraction may reopen with a new theme, most likely centered around the 2003 Disney/Pixar theatrical release, Finding Nemo.
Walt Disney had a longtime interest in railroads and transportation in general, and therefore a number of different modes of transport were incorporated into the park. The vast majority of visitors spend most of their time walking, of course; the transportation systems are in some respects more entertainment rides than primary means of transporting people around the park.
Walt Disney was an avid railfan who had built a miniature steam railway in the grounds of his own home. It was therefore hardly surprising that Disneyland incorporated a steam-powered railroad. Laid to 3 foot gauge, the most common narrow gauge measurement used in North America, the railroad was laid in a continuous loop around the park, on a raised roadbed so that pedestrian walkways could pass underneath.
Originally, two trains could operate on the railroad, running in opposite directions. A passing track was incorporated at Main Street station where the trains had to wait and allow the other to pass. Later on, for safety reasons and to allow the use of more than two trains, the line was changed so that trains in normal service run in a clockwise direction only. The 1958 addition of the " Grand Canyon/ Primeval World" diorama necessitated a change in the rolling stock as well; instead of facing forward, the benches of the new flatcars now faced right so that the diorama could be better enjoyed by the passengers. The passing track was disconnected and now is only used to display a handcar.
The Disney Company constructed the original two locomotives in its own workshops. Patterned after Walt Disney's own locomotives, these were models of classic 'Wild West' style American 4-4-0s built to three-fifths scale. No. 1 was given a big wood-burning 'balloon' stack and large, pointed pilot or cowcatcher while No. 2 was given the straight stack and less protruding pilot common to East Coast coal-burning locomotives.
Three more locomotives were acquired from outside sources, since this was cheaper than building new ones and since many narrow-gauge lines were closing down and selling their equipment. No. 4 is a "Forney" locomotive, a type of tank locomotive. And, as an 1898 product of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, No. 4 is the oldest locomotive in service at any Disney property. All three were given extensive renovations before entering service, including new boilers.
All the Disneyland steam locomotives burn diesel fuel, which is less polluting (though more expensive) than the coal, wood or heavy "Bunker C" oil normally used on steam locomotives.
Another detail dating from the park's opening can be seen from the railroad. As the train passes behind the " it's a small world" attraction in Fantasyland, it crosses a service road that is protected by two miniature wigwag crossing signals. Santa Fe offered the use of full-scale crossing signals, but Disney declined as they would be out of scale with the trains. These scaled-down replicas were designed and built by the San Bernardino shops of the Santa Fe Railroad as a gift to Disneyland. They operate with automotive windshield wiper motors.
One of Disneyland's signature attractions is its Alweg monorail system, installed in 1959. Although the Alweg monorails were replaced in 1987, the track has remained almost exactly the same since 1961, except when Disney's California Adventure and Downtown Disney were being built, and slight alterations occurred. The monorail shuttles visitors between two stations, one in Disneyland itself (in Tomorrowland) and one outside the park, originally at the Disneyland Hotel but now, after the 2001 remodel, at the Downtown Disney shopping complex. It takes a 2.5 mile (4 km) long route designed to show off the park from above. Three generations of monorail cars have been used in the park, since their necessarily lightweight construction means they wear out quickly.
In 2004, three monorail trains, Monorail Red, Monorail Blue, and Monorail Purple, are in regular service. A fourth train, Monorail Orange, was removed from service and shipped to Disney's engineering department in Burbank. The trains are due for replacement and the company that built them is out of business, taking with it the original blueprints. Monorail Orange is being taken apart, every piece studied, and improved plans are being drawn from scratch. Construction of the new and improved trains will be handled by the Disney Company itself.
The monorail caused a rift between Disneyland and the Santa Fe railroad that was to eventually cause the breakdown in their relationship and the removal of Santa Fe sponsorship of the Disneyland Railroad. Disneyland signed a contract with the Alweg company which required the Alweg name to be displayed on the attraction. This conflicted with the contract with the Santa Fe that only their name could be associated with railroad attractions at the park.
A number of vehicles, including a double-decker bus, a horse-drawn streetcar, an old-fashioned fire engine and an old-fashioned automobile are available for rides along Main Street, USA.
Construction began on July 18 1954. After spending US$17,000,000, Disney opened the "Magic Kingdom" on July 17 1955. Televised nationwide, coverage of the opening was anchored by three of Disney's Hollywood friends: Art Linkletter, Bob Cummings and Ronald Reagan. Since its opening, the park has been revised and updated several times. Three new "lands" have been added since the park's inception.
New Orleans Square was among the last changes to Disneyland overseen by Walt Disney himself. Opened in 1966, New Orleans Square captures all the flavor of Bourbon Street in an area brimming with architectural detail. Two attractions whose themes made it to the movies in 2003 can be found there. First is the " Pirates of the Caribbean" which opened in 1967. A " dark ride" nearly fifteen minutes long, "Pirates" was also the largest Audio-Animatronic attraction ever created and still ranks among the largest even today. The other is the " Haunted Mansion" from 1969. Featuring the extraordinary voice talents of the late Paul Frees as the attraction's disembodied "ghost host," this humorous romp through a haunted antebellum mansion and its graveyard boasts of "999 happy haunts...but there's room for a thousand. Any volunteers?" In 2001, the Haunted Mansion started taking on an entirely new identity for the holidays. Starting before Halloween and running until just after the new year, the Haunted Mansion is transformed into the "Haunted Mansion Holiday," a theme inspired by the 1993 Tim Burton stop-motion animated film, The Nightmare Before Christmas.
On October 21, 2004, a bidder on a Disney-sponsored auction on eBay won the right to be the first non-Disneyland employee to have his name added to an attraction. Cary Sharp, a doctor and health-care attorney from Baton Rouge, Louisiana placed a winning bid of US$37,400 to become the "1000th ghost" with the addition of his first name, a joke last name, a joke epitaph and the signatures of Disney "imagineers" on a tombstone to be displayed in the attraction's outdoor queue for the next ten years. According to the Los Angeles Times, the opening bid of $750 was placed by horror novelist Clive Barker. Sharp, who had only visited Disneyland once before, placed the bid in good faith as a way to entertain his friends and never expected to win.
The money will be donated to the Boys and Girls Club . Half will go to the main charity while the other half will go to the Baton Rouge chapter.
New Orleans Square was also the basis of an urban legend about a super-secret club and restaurant somewhere within the area. No legend, Club 33 is in fact located above the the " Blue Bayou Restaurant ," around the corner from the entrance to the "Pirates Of The Caribbean." Though rarely mentioned in any of the park's promotional material since it is not open to the general public, membership and access to Club 33 is around $7500-$10,000 per year with a waiting list several years long. The entrance to the club is a nondescript blue door immediately to the right of the Blue Bayou and marked only with an address plaque bearing the number "33." It is the only place in all of Disneyland where alcoholic beverages are served.
Critter Country opened in 1972 as "Bear Country." Themed in the deep South of Disney's 1946 classic live action/animated movie, Song of the South, the world's largest water flume ride, the Song of the South-themed "Splash Mountain" can be found here along with Disneyland's newest attraction, the "Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" dark ride of 2003. Taking the place of the Audio-Animatronic "Country Bear Jamboree" that gave the land its original name, a partially hidden nod to that attraction can be seen in "Pooh" if you look carefully. They are animatronic moose and deer head trophies flanking a buffalo head trophy all from "Jamboree" that hang above the opposide side of the archway as you leave Pooh's "heffalumps and woozles" dream sequence.
Mickey's Toontown answers the question of where all those Disney characters live. Opened in 1993 and patterned after "Toontown" in the Disney/Touchstone Pictures 1988 release, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Mickey's Toontown looks like a 1930s Max Fleischer cartoon short come to life. The hilarious and interactive "Roger Rabbit's Car-Toon Spin" is the highlight of the land, a dark ride in which you "drive" Lenny the Cab (the "cousin" of Benny the Cab, an animated talking taxicab from the movie).
Some changes over the years have been made due to political correctness. The "Pirates of the Caribbean" attraction was the final project in the park personally overseen by Walt Disney and carried his stamp of approval; the Audio-Animatronic pirates in one scene that had chased women from sheer lechery since 1967 now chase them from sheer hunger because they are carrying plates of food. Also, the formerly hostile Indians in Frontierland who once set a perpetually burning fire to a cabin along the "Rivers Of America" have been thoroughly pacified, and the settlers apparently no longer have need of firearms! After their pacification, tour guides tried to convey an environmental message by blaming the burning cabin on the recklessness of the drunken moonshiner living in the cabin, whose flames now threatened a nest of eagles in a nearby tree. Then they blamed river bandits. As of 2003, the cabin was no longer burning. As mentioned, however, blank-shooting pistols are scheduled to be reissued to the Jungle Cruise operators after the attraction's refurbishment.
In the 1990s, major construction began to transform Disneyland from an amusement park into a vacation resort. The Disney Company purchased land that surrounded the park that was once the site of some rather dreary motels and trailer courts. This resulted in the addition of the new Disney's California Adventure, a separate park which opened in 2001 on the site of Disneyland's original parking lot and was inspired by California's natural and historical features. That same year saw the opening of " Downtown Disney," a shopping, dining and entertainment area similar to one previously constructed at Disney's Florida resort. The "Grand Californian" hotel, patterned after the Arts and Crafts movement of the early 20th century, extends into California Adventure and allows paying guests to enter that park through the hotel itself.
Most of the park's parking today is handled by the five-level "Mickey and Friends" parking structure, though there have been some smaller, off-property lots added as well with regular shuttle service to the parks. "Mickey and Friends" is the largest parking structure in the Western Hemisphere and second-largest in the world behind the structure at Tokyo Disneyland. Propane-powered trams bring visitors to the entrance plaza between the two parks, itself built on the site of the original parking lot. Most nearby hotels offer regular shuttle service to the parks as well.
From its opening until the early 1980s, park-goers purchased admission to the park for a small sum, then could also purchase coupons (also called tickets) individually or in booklets that allowed them access to rides and attractions. The least-expensive tickets, "A" tickets, provided access to the least-popular attractions. The most-expensive tickets, "E" tickets, provided access to the newest and most popular attractions, which were often the newest thrill rides or the most interesting and unusal attractions. This led to the still-popular phrase "That was an E ticket ride" for any particularly outstanding, special, or thrilling experience.
In the 1970s, nearby Magic Mountain had introduced the one-price admission ticket; rather than paying for only the attractions that one had the money and time for, one bought a more expensive ticket that allowed you free access to all attractions within the park. This model spread rapidly to all other parks, including Disneyland, because its business advantages were obvious: In addition to guaranteeing that everyone paid a large sum even if they stayed for only a couple of hours and rode only a couple of rides, the park no longer had to print tickets or ticket books, staff the ticket booths that once dotted the landscape, or provide staff to collect tickets or monitor attractions for people sneaking on without tickets.
In 1999, in an effort to offset the long waits in line for the most popular attractions, Disney implemented a new service called FASTPASS. At attractions featuring FASTPASS, a guest can use his park admission ticket to obtain a FASTPASS ticket with a return time later that day (an hour-long window) printed on it; if the guest comes back to the attraction at his return time, he will get to wait in a shorter line and be on the attraction within ten minutes, or often much more quickly. Only a few attractions currently offer this service, but its popularity means it will be used more widely in the future.
The park's management team of the mid-1990s was a tremendous source of contention to many Disneyland fans. Headed by executives Cynthia Harriss and Paul Pressler , each with a retail marketing background, focus in Disneyland quickly changed from one of rides and attractions to one of sales and marketing. Under Harriss' and Pressler's direction, almost no new attractions were built and many were, in fact, closed down. Shops that once carried a variety of items themed to the lands they were located in now carried mostly Disney stuffed animals and other items with a heavy Disney character theme regardless of the shop's location. Themed restaurants and shops were closed and in their place, a great many outdoor vending carts which were widely criticized by guests as taking away from the park's overall experience because of the crowds they created in the walkways. The move to remodel Tomorrowland, derided by some fans, was attributable to Pressler as was the closure of a great many popular attractions within the area. T Irby, a retired US Army officer hired as facilities manager, is blamed for the destruction of much of the tooling and attraction components in storage in the backstage areas in an effort to streamline operations. In 2003, both Harriss and Pressler stepped down to take over operations of national clothing retailer, The Gap. In their place came the former manager of Disney Cruise Lines, Matt Ouimet . Unlike Harriss, Pressler and Irby (who stepped down in 2004), Ouimet was an amusement park fan and actually worked summers in Disneyland in his youth. Praised by Disney fan sites for his success in building the cruise line, Ouimet quickly set about reversing the trends of his predecessors, especially in regards to the facility's cosmetic maintenance which had noticeably deteriorated and a return to the original infrastructure maintenance schedule in hopes of avoiding another accident like the one on Big Thunder Mountain. Much like Walt Disney himself, Ouimet can often be seen walking the park during business hours with members of his staff. In fact, he even wears a name badge like those of Disneyland's other "cast members" and welcomes comments from guests.
Disneyland recently hosted its 500-millionth guest. As mentioned, the park is undergoing a number of major renovation projects and will celebrate its fiftieth anniversary in 2005.
Disney has built several similar parks, all based on Disneyland, elsewhere in the world based on Disneyland's success: The Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World near Orlando, Florida, Disneyland Park at Disneyland Resort Paris in Marne-la-Vallée , France; and Tokyo Disneyland Park at Tokyo Disney Resort, in Urayasu, Japan. A new park is under construction in Hong Kong (see Hong Kong Disneyland).
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