Dead Sea Scrolls Date And Contents Interpretations

According to carbon dating and textual analysis, the documents were written at various times between the middle of the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD. At least one document has a carbon date range of 21 BCCenturies: 2nd century BC 1st century BC 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22 BC 21 BC 20 BC 19 BC 18 BC 17 BC 16 BC Births Deaths Events 21 BC.– 61 ADAlternate uses, see Number 61 Centuries: 1st century BC 1st century 2nd century Decades: 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 100s 110s Years: 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Events Celtic revolt in Britain led by Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni. She is defe. The Nash Papyrus from EgyptJumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah ( In Detail) Official language Arabic Capital Cairo Largest City Cairo President Hosni Mubarak Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif Area Total % water Ranked 29th 1,001,450 km² 0. 6% Population Total (2003) Density Ranked 15th 74,718,797, containing a copy of the Ten CommandmentsThis article is about the list of religious and moral imperatives. For the 1956 film with Charlton Heston, see The Ten Commandments (1956 movie The Ten Commandments or Decalogue are a list of religious and moral imperatives that feature prominently in Jud, is the only other Hebrew document of comparable antiquity. Similar written materials have been recovered from nearby sites, including the fortress of MasadaThis article is about the Judean fortress. Masada is also a possible transliteration of the name of a Druze village on the Golan Heights named Masade,of a jazz band fronted by avant-garde composer John Zorn named Masada (band), and of a 1980 American tele.

The fragments span at least 800 texts, that represent many diverse viewpoints ranging from the beliefs of the EssenesThe Essenes (Issi'im) were a Hasid Jewish religious sect of Zadokites that flourished from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. Many scholars today believe there were a number of different related groups that were referred to as Essenes. They were su to those of other sects. About 30% are fragments from the Hebrew Bible, from all the books except Book of Esther. About 25% are traditional Jewish religious texts that are not in the canonical Hebrew Bible, such as the Book of Enoch and the Testament of Levi . Another 30% contain Biblical commentaries or other texts related to the beliefs, regulations, and membership requirements of some Jewish sect, which is believed to have lived in the Qumran area. The rest (about 15%) of the fragments are yet unidentified. Most of them are written in Hebrew, but also some written in Aramaic, and a few in Greek.

Important texts include the Isaiah (discovered in 1947), a Commentary on the Habakkuk ( 1947), the so-called Copper Scroll ( 1952), which lists hidden caches of gold and weapons, and the earliest version of the Damascus Document .

2 Interpretations

According to a view commonly held until the 1990s, the documents were written and hidden by a community of Essenes who lived in the Qumran area. Another theory, which has been gaining acceptance, is that the community was led by Zadokite priests ( Sadducees), who were ousted from the Temple by the Maccabeans ( Hasmoneans).

A Spanish Jesuit, José O'Callaghan, has argued that the fragment 7Q5 from Cave 7 is a New Testament text from the Gospel of Mark, Chapter 6, verses 52-53. In recent years this controversial assertion has been taken up again by German scholar Carsten Peter Thiede. A successful identification of this fragment as a passage from Mark would make it the earliest extant New Testament document, dating somewhere between 30 and 60 CE.

In 1963 Karl Heinrich Rengstorf of the University of Münster put forth the theory that the Dead Sea scrolls originated at the library of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. This theory was rejected by most scholars during the 1960s, who maintained that the scrolls were written at Qumran rather than transported from another location. However, the theory was revived by Norman Golb and other scholars during the 1990s, who added that the scrolls probably also originated from several other libraries in addition to the Temple library.

Allegations that the Vatican suppressed the publication of the scrolls were published in the 1990s, notably by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh , whose book The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception contains a popularized version of speculations by Robert Eisenman that some scrolls actually describe the early Christian community, characterized as more fundamentalist and rigid than the one portrayed by the New Testament, and that the life of Jesus was deliberately mythicized by Paul, possibly a Roman agent who faked his "conversion" from Saul in order to undermine the influence of anti-Roman messianic cults in the region. (Eisenman's own theories, themselves not always convincing, merely attempt to relate the career of James the Just and Paul to some of these documents.) Baigent and Leigh allege that several key scrolls were deliberately kept under wraps for decades to prevent the rise of alternative theories to the prevailing "consensus" that the scrolls had nothing to do with Christianity.

Because they are frequently described as important to the history of the Bible, the scrolls are surrounded by a wide range of conspiracy theories: one example is the claim that they were entirely fabricated or planted by extra-terrestrials. There is also writing about the Nephilim. Some call these an extinct race of giants, and others argue that this is evidence of aliens in the Bible, interpreting the "sons of God" (who mated with "the daughters of men") as space aliens creating a mixed breed.

3 Discovery

The scrolls were discovered by a young shepherd, Muhammed edh-Dhib, who had thrown a stone into a cave in an attempt to coerce a goat out of it. His stone struck one of the many pieces of pottery that had contained the scrolls for approximately two millennia. Later archeological excavation, as well as searches by the local Bedouin residents, identified and recovered material from the 11 caves. Israel obtained 4 of the 7 major Dead Sea scrolls on February 13, 1955.

4 Publication

Most of the documents were published in a surprisingly prompt manner: all of the writing found in Cave 1 appeared in print between 1950 and 1956; the finds from 8 different caves were released in a single volume in 1963; and 1965 saw the publication of the Psalms Scroll from Cave 11. Translation of these materials quickly followed.

The exception to this speed were the documents from Cave 4, which represented 40% of the total material. The publication of these materials had been entrusted to an international team led by Father Roland de Vaux , a member of the Dominican Order in Jerusalem. This group published the first volume of the materials entrusted to them in 1968, but spent much of their energies defending their theories of the material instead of publishing it. Geza Vermes , who had been involved from the start in the editing and publication of these materials, blamed the delay – and eventual failure – on de Vaux's selection of a team unsuited to the quality of work he had planned, as well as relying "on his personal, quasi-patriarchal authority" to ensure the work was promptly done.

As a result, the finds from Cave 4 were not made public for many years. Access to the scrolls was governed by a "secrecy rule" that allowed only the original International Team – or their designates – to view the original materials. After de Vaux's death in 1971, his successors repeatedly refused to even allow the publication of photographs of these materials so that other scholars could at least make their judgements. This rule was eventually broken: first by the publication in the fall of 1991, of 17 documents reconstructed from a concordance that had been made in 1988 and had come into the hands of scholars outside of the International Team; next, that same month, of the discovery – and publication – of a complete set of photographs of the Cave 4 materials at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California that was not covered by the "secrecy rule". After some delays, these photographs were published by Robert Eisenman and James Robinson (A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, two volumes, Washington, D.C., 1991). as a result, the "secrecy rule" was lifted, and publication of the Cave 4 documents soon commenced, with five volumes in print by 1995.

5 See also

6 References

Edward M. Cook , Solving the Mysteries of the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Light on the Bible , Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994
Frank Moore Cross , The Ancient Library of Qumran , 3rd ed., Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995. BooksEnthsiast.com
Norman Golb , Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? The Search for the Secret of Qumran , New York: Scribner, 1995

7 External links

Basic Facts Regarding the Dead Sea Scrolls
Timetable of the Discovery and Debate about the Dead Sea Scrolls
Dead Sea Scrolls & Qumran
The Dead Sea Scrolls ( FARMS)
Some of the scrolls can be seen inside the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem

Christian texts Jewish texts

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1 Date and contents