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Cryogenics is the study of very low temperatures or the production of the same, and is often confused with cryobiology, the study of the effect of low temperatures on organisms, or the study of cryopreservation. Likewise, cryonics is the nascent study of the cryopreservationof the human body. Unlike cryogenics, cryonics is not an established science and is viewed with skepticism by most scientists and doctors today.
Liquefied gas es, such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium, are used in many cryogenic applications. These gases are held in special containers known as Dewar flasks. Dewar flasks are named after their inventor, James Dewar, the man who first liquefied hydrogen. Everyday vacuum flasks are a Dewar flask fitted in a protective casing.
Leiden, Netherlands is sometimes called "The Coldest Place on Earth", because of the revolutions in cryogenics that happened there. Some of these were the discovery of superconductivity by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, the liquefaction of helium by Kamerlingh Onnes, and the solidification of helium by Kamerlingh Onnes' pupil, Willem Hendrik Keesom.
The study of superconductivity is called cryoelectronicsCryoelectronics or cryolectronics is the study of superconductivity and its applications. It is not to be confused with cryotronics, the study of the production of superconductor materials.. The utilization of these sciences is called cryotronicsCryotronics is the production of electronics that utilize superconductivity, and is not to be confused with cryoelectronics or cryolectronics. The simplest use of cryotronics is the cryotron, which is a switch..
See also:
- absolute zeroAbsolute zero is the lowest temperature that can be obtained in any macroscopic system. Absolute temperature means temperature measured on a scale with absolute zero as 0. This is conventionally measured in kelvin, which is the Celsius degree scale with a
- coldest temperature achieved on earthAntarctica is the coldest place on earth . The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was −89. 4 C (−129F) recorded in 1983 at the Russian Base Vostok in Antarctica. This is still greater than the minimum temperatures achieved in cryogenic
- refrigerationRefrigeration (from the Latin frigus frost) is generally the cooling of a body by the transfer of a portion of its heat away from it. Applications include conservation, especially of food, and lowering the temperature of drinks to one that is more agreeab
- superfluidity
- superconductivity
- quantum hydrodynamicsQuantum hydrodynamics is the study of superfluidity. Some of the main subjects in quantum hydrodynamics are quantum turbulence, quantized vortices, first, second and third sound, and quantum solvents. The most common studies are in liquid helium (He-3 and
- cryocoolersCryocoolers are refrigerators used to reach cryogenic temperatures. Joule Thomson cooler Gifford-MacMahon cooler Stirling cryocooler dilution refrigerator adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator pulse tube cooler Cooling technology.
- important publications in cryogenics
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