1 Notable characteristics

Copper is a reddish-coloured metal, with a high electrical and thermal conductivity (among pure metals at room temperature, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity). Copper may well be the oldest metal in use, as copper artifacts dating to 8700 BC have been found. Besides being part of various ores, copper can be found in the metallic form ( i.e. native copper) in some locations.

In Greek times, the metal was known by the name Chalkos. In Roman times, it became known as aes Cyprium, because so much of it was mined in Cyprus. From this, the phrase was simplified to cuprum and then Anglicized into the English copper.

2 Applications

Copper is malleable and ductile, and is used extensively, in products such as:

• Copper wire.
• Copper plumbing.
• Doorknobs and other fixtures in houses.
• Statuary: The Statue of Liberty, for example, contains 179,000 pounds of copper.
• Electromagnets.
• Motors, esp electromagnetic motors.
• Watt's steam engine.
• Electrical relays , electrical busbars and electrical switches.
• Vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes, and the magnetrons in microwave ovens.
• Wave guides for microwave radiation.
• There is increasing use of copper in integrated circuits, replacing aluminium because of its superior conductivity.
• As a component of coins.
• In cookware, such as frying pans.
• Most flatware ( knives, forks, spoons) contains some copper (nickel silver).
• Sterling silver, if it is to be used in dinnerware, must contain a few percent copper.
• As a component in ceramic glazes, and to color glass.
• Musical instruments, especially brass instruments.
• As a biostatic surface in hospitals, and to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels.
• Compounds, such as Fehling's solution, have applications in chemistry.
• Copper (II) sulfate is used as a poison and a water purifier.

3 History

Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old. A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. By 5000 BC there are signs of copper smelting, the refining of copper from simple copper oxides such as malachite or azurite. The earliest signs of gold use, by contrast, appear around 4000 BC.

There are copper and bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC, and Egyptian artifacts in copper and copper alloyed with tin nearly as old. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing system was found that is 5000 years old. The Egyptians found that adding a small amount of tin made the metal easier to cast, so bronze alloys are found in Egypt almost as soon as copper is found. Use of copper in ancient China dates to at least 2000 BC. By 1200 BC excellent bronzes were being made in China. Note that these dates are affected by wars and conquest, as copper is easily melted down and reused. In Europe, Oetzi the Iceman, a well preserved male dated to 3200 BC, was found with a copper tipped axe whose metal was 99.7% pure. High levels of arsenic in his hair suggests he was involved in copper smelting.

The use of bronze was so pervasive in a certain era of civilization that it has been named the Bronze Age. The transitional period in certain regions between the preceding Neolithic period and the Bronze Age is termed the Chalcolithic, with some high purity copper tools being used alongside stone tools.

Brass, an alloy of zinc and copper, was known to the Greeks but first used extensively by the Romans.

Copper was associated with the goddess Aphrodite/ Venus in mythology and alchemy, owing to its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. In alchemy, the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the planet Venus.

4 Biological role

Copper is essential in all higher plants and animals. Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase, the Cu-Zn containing enzyme superoxide dismutase, and is the central metal in the oxygen carrying pigment hemocyanin. The blood of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus uses copper rather than iron for oxygen transport.

The RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is 0.9 mg/day.

Copper is carried mostly in the bloodstream on a plasma protein called ceruloplasmin. Though when copper is first absorbed in the gut it is transported to the liver bound to albumin.

An inherited condition called Wilson's disease causes the body to retain copper, as it is not excreted by the liver into the bile. This disease, if untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage.

5 Occurrence

Copper is found as native copper in mineral form. Minerals such as the carbonates azurite and malachite are sources of copper, as are sulfides such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂), bornite (Cu₅FeS₄), covellite (CuS), chalcocite (Cu₂S) and oxides like cuprite (Cu₂O).

6 Compounds

There are numerous alloys of copper - speculum metal is a copper/tin alloy, Brass is a copper/ zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper/ tin alloy.

Common oxidation states of copper include the copper (I) state, Cu⁺¹, and copper (II) state, Cu⁺².

Copper carbonate is green from which arises the unique appearance of copper-clad roofs or domes on some buildings.

Copper oxides (e.g. yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ) or YBCO) form the basis of many unconventional superconductors

Other compounds : copper (II) sulfide

7 Isotopes

There are two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, along with a couple dozen radioisotopes. The vast majority of radioisotopes have half lives on the order of minutes or less, the longest lived, ⁶⁴Cu, has a half life of 12.7 hours, with two decay modes, leading to two separate products.

8 Precautions

All copper compounds, unless otherwise known, should be treated as if they were toxic. The metal, when powdered, is a fire hazard. 30g of copper sulfate is potentially lethal in humans. Copper in drinking water at concentrations higher than 1 mg/liter can stain clothes and items washed in water. The suggested safe level of copper in drinking water for humans varies depending on the source, but tends to be pegged at 1.5 to 2 mg/liter. The DRI Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults of dietary copper from all sources is 10 mg/day.

9 Mining

Most copper currently is mined from large open pit mines in deposits that contain less than one percent copper. Examples include: Chuquicamata, Chile and El Chino mine in New Mexico.

Copper concentrate generally contains 25 to 30 percent copper. Copper concentrate is the resulting product after mine ore (containing less than 1 percent copper) has been crushed, milled and concentrated. Copper cathode is 99.97% copper in sheets of dimensions: 96 cm x 95 cm x 1 cm, with a mass of about 100 kg. It a true commodity and the product deliverable to the metal exchanges in New York, London and Shanghai. A chemical specification for electrolytic grade copper is ASTM B 115-00.

10 References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory - Copper

11 External links

• WebElements.com – Copper
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Copper
• Copper Toxicity Syndrome
• The Copper Page
• Photos of the Parys Mountain Copper Mine near Amlwch, Anglesey, Wales

Chemical elements Metals

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